2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election

Last updated

2022–23 Tunisian parliamentary election
Flag of Tunisia.svg
  2019 17 December 2022 (first round)
29 January 2023 (second round)
Next 

All 161 seats in the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
81 seats needed for a majority
Turnout11.22% (first round) Decrease2.svg 30.48pp
11.40% (second round)
PartyLeaderSeats+/–
July 25 Movement Fathi Hakimi 80New
People's Movement Zouhair Maghzaoui 1−14
Independents 10−2
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Prime Minister beforePrime Minister after
Najla Bouden
Independent
Najla Bouden
Independent

Parliamentary elections were held in Tunisia on 17 December 2022 to elect the third Assembly of the Representatives of the People. [1] Run-offs were held on 29 January 2023 in the vast majority of constituencies after only 21 candidates were elected in the first round.

Contents

Voter turnout in the first round was just 11.22 percent, [2] as the election was boycotted by most opposition parties. [3]

Background

On 25 July 2021, Republic Day, after months of political crisis between the President of the Republic and Assembly of the Representatives of the People, thousands of demonstrators rallied to call for the dissolution of the Assembly and regime change. [4] These rallies are taking place as the health crisis around the COVID-19 pandemic escalates. On the same day, President Kais Saied dismissed the government of Hichem Mechichi and suspended the activities of the Assembly, using the emergency powers provided for in article 80 of the Constitution of Tunisia. [5] The country's largest parliamentary party, Ennahda, and its leader, Assembly Speaker Rached Ghannouchi, condemned the president's actions, calling them a coup d'état. [6] Some political analysts and lawyers have also called the events a coup d'état. [7]

On 22 September, Saied confirmed by decree the extension of the validity of the decisions, as well as the dissolution of the Provisional Body Responsible for Checking the Constitutionality of Bills  [ fr ], and decided to suspend the payment of wages and benefits provided to the chairman of the Assembly of Representatives of the People and its members, [8] and granted himself the right to rule by decree, de facto restoring legislative power. [9] [8] His decision was criticized by most of the parties represented in Parliament. [10]

On 29 September, the President instructed Najla Bouden to form a new government. Thus, she became the first female head of government in the country and throughout the Arab world. [11]

From 15 January to 20 March 2022, an electronic consultation took place on the reforms to be proposed in anticipation of the referendum. During the ballot, which was the subject of a very low turnout, the options of a transition to a presidential system and to a single-member ballot for the legislative elections prevailed. [12] [13] [14]

On 30 March 2022, 120 deputies, under the chairmanship of the second vice-president of the Assembly Tarek Fetiti, [15] met in a virtual session to vote for the end of the exceptional measures in force since July 25. The same day, Kaïs Saïed dissolved Parliament, which the Constitution forbids during the period when the state of exception is applied, and threatens the deputies with legal proceedings. [16] [17]

On 6 April, Kais Saied announced the holding of the parliamentary ballot according to a two-round uninominal majority ballot. [18] On 5 September, he announced that the electoral law will be drafted taking into consideration the recommendations of the supporters of the July 25 process, and that the rest of the political class will be excluded from this process. [19] The electoral law will have to be published no later than September 16 to meet the deadlines.

On 25 July 2022, the new Constitution was adopted by constitutional referendum with 94.6% of the votes and a 30.5% turnout. [20] A new electoral law was then published by decree on 15 September. [21]

Electoral system

The 217 members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People were previously elected by closed list proportional representation in 33 multi-member constituencies (27 in Tunisia and 6 representing Tunisian expatriates) with seats allocated using the largest remainder method and a mandated zipper system: alternating female and male candidates on the list, and a male and female candidate under the age of 35 in the top four in constituencies with four or more seats. [22] However, on 16 September 2022, President Kais Saied introduced a new electoral system and reduced the number of parliamentarians.

In this election, the reduced 161 members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People (now the lower house of a bicameral legislature) will be elected via the two-round system in single-member constituencies. Additionally, publicly funded elections were abolished, meaning private support and self-financing must be used, and the law introduced recall referendums, which can be triggered if signatures equal to 10% voters who voted for them submit a request in favor of one to the parliament. [23] Party affiliation of the candidates will no longer appear on ballots.

Campaign

Procedure

The ISIE publishes the electoral calendar on 23 September 2022. [24] In accordance with the decree of 15 September calling on voters to elect the members of the Assembly of People's Representatives, [25] the date of the legislative elections is set for 17 December 2022 on national territory, and from 15 to 17 December abroad. [24]

Automatic registration of voters who turn 18 before 16 December is carried out from 21 September. [26] The electoral period begins on September 25 at midnight, when it is forbidden to broadcast and publish the results of opinion polls related to the elections. [27] The updating of those registered in the electoral register as well as the change of polling stations take place from 26 September to 13 October. [28] The final list of voters is published on 14 October, after the receipt of appeals against the preliminary lists on 29 and 30 September, examined on 1 and 2 October.

The submission of applications is open from 17 October to 24 October. They are studied by the ISIE on 13 October to publish the next day, 1 November, the list of candidates on the premises of the ISIE. The final list of candidates is announced on 21 November. The election campaign begins on 25 November. It ends on 13 December abroad and 15 December on national territory, respective dates after which the electoral silence begins.

The preliminary results are announced on 20 December, and the final results on 19 January 2023. [24]

Boycott

The National Salvation Front, chaired by Ahmed Najib Chebbi, announced that it was boycotting the legislative election, comparing it to the elections that were held under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. [29] This coalition, which had also boycotted the constitutional referendum, [30] is made up of several political parties including Ennahda, Al Amal, Dignity Coalition, Heart of Tunisia, Movement Party and the Citizens against the Coup d'Etat movement, as well as members of civil society, created to oppose the coup of 25 July 2021. [31]

The Coordination of Social Democratic Parties, made up of Ettakatol, Republican Party, Democratic Current, Workers' Party and the Democratic Modernist Pole also announced its boycott of the election. [32] The Soumoud coalition also calls on citizens to boycott the election. [33]

After calling on the democratic and progressive forces to come together to prepare common candidacies for the legislative elections, and proposing a roadmap in the event of victory, [34] the Free Destourian Party (PDL) finally announced on 7 September that it would not take part in the legislative elections, considering them a "state crime", and considering the unilateral revision of the election law as an "illegal". [35] It also compares the legislative elections to an appointment of members of a “council similar to that of the Shura, as in Islamist countries” and condemns the non-respect of international standards in the process. The party also announces a nationwide day of anger and protest on 17 September. [36] The boycott of the elections by the PDL risks weakening the legitimacy of the results given that the party was the leader in opinion polls. [37]

Afek Tounes, [38] Machrouu Tounes, [39] the Social Democratic Path [40] and the National Alliance party of Néji Jalloul are also boycotting the legislative election. [41]

The National Syndicate of Tunisian Journalists denounces the situation of the confiscated media and threatens to boycott the election in the event of a lack of dialogue with the government. [42]

Declared candidacies

Party participation

On 29 September 2022, ISIE spokesperson Mohamed Tlili Mansri announced that political parties are banned from campaigning for the legislative elections and that candidates must campaign individually. [59] He adds that it is forbidden for candidates to indicate in their application file the party they represent. [60] Following the denunciation of these prohibitions by politicians, [61] [62] the Head of State specifies that political parties can participate in the electoral campaign but only by supporting them in a personal capacity. [63] The ISIE spokesperson also clarified that parties can support candidates without taking part in the campaign, and that their candidates can use the official logo and program of the political party during their campaign. [64] However, the parties having decided to boycott the elections cannot be concerned by the legislative elections. [65]

The ISIE spokesperson announces on 3 October that political parties and associations cannot finance legislative candidates since they are not considered as natural persons who can participate in private financing. [66]

On 26 October the secretary general of the People's Movement Zouhair Maghzaoui announced that his party will present candidates in at least 120 constituencies, including deputies from the last legislature. [67] [68]

Illegal sponsorship case

On 6 October 2022, the ISIE announced that some potential legislative candidates had attempted to illegally obtain sponsorships by exploiting public resources, abusing their power or in return for compensation. An investigation is therefore opened and the suspected persons are arrested. [69] [70]

According to the President of the Republic, among the offenses are the refusal of the legalization of signatures of sponsorships by municipal councils, the facilitation of the legalization of signatures for certain candidates, or the fact of "terrorizing citizens" to obtain their sponsorships.

Faced with this affair, Kais Saied compares sponsorships to “merchandise that is sold and bought” and evokes, on 8 October 2022, the need to amend the electoral law a second time. [71] The president of the ISIE reacts to this statement by saying that it would be preferable not to amend the law when the electoral period has begun and sponsorships have already been collected. It specifies that it will not be possible to renounce the sponsorships that the candidates received before a potential second amendment. [72] He also insists on the importance of examining the situation before making technical adjustments to the law and of consulting the ISIE at this stage of the campaign.

On 10 October, the vice-president of the ISIE Maher Jedidi confirms that the presidency of the Republic is preparing a new amendment to the electoral law and that the independent body will have an advisory role when it is ready. He insists all the same on the importance of keeping the candidacy conditions as they are and that, if certain technical points were changed, the ISIE will have its say, suggesting a mistrust of such an action on the part of the president by the ISIE. [73]

Opinion polls

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
Ennahda
Heart of Tunisia
Free Destourian Party
Democratic Current
Dignity Coalition
People's Movement
Tahya Tounes
Afek Tounes
Nidaa Tounes
Popular Front
Party of Kais Saied
Party of Safi Said Opinion polling for the 2022 Tunisian parliamentary election.svg
   Ennahda
  Party of Kais Saied
  Party of Safi Saïd

Parties boycotting the election are marked in italics.

The polls also feature the hypothetical parties of Kais Saied and Safi Said.

Polling firmFieldwork dateSample Ennahda Qalb PDL Tayyar Karama People's Tahya Afek Nidaa Popular
Front
Party of
Kais Saied
Party of
Safi Saïd
Ind. Others Abst.Lead
25 September 2022Beginning of the electoral period prohibiting the publication of opinion polls [74]
3 June 2022Beginning of the pre-referendum phase banning the publication of opinion polls
Emrhod 26–31 May 20221,060161335344202756213.0
Sigma Conseil May 20221,0058.729.93.84.926.257.83.7
Emrhod Apr 2022980151354154191696316.0
Sigma Conseil 1,7159.733.14.66.226.269.66.9
Emrhod Mar 20221,080131343263241586510.0
Sigma Conseil 2,00910.430.12.53.329.271.60.9
Emrhod Feb 20221,100131333142253411648.0
Sigma Conseil 1,78810.432.64.130.62.9672.0
Emrhod Jan 20221,06014134225225411629.0
Sigma Conseil 2,0009.934.03.34.533.072.51.0
Emrhod Dec 20211,2001623342622156512.0
Sigma Conseil 1,94016.836.24.86.720.867.215.4
Emrhod Nov 20211,1501522943532666683.0
Sigma Conseil 1,63810.538.83.45.321.471.317.4
Emrhod Oct 20211,1901422951413563726
Sigma Conseil 2,0029.532.23.66.730.766.11.5
Emrhod Sep 202190011.617.62.12.13.048.12.17.36.076.730.5
Sigma Conseil 1,98312.134.06.13.526.170.27.9
Emrhod Aug 20211,40015330422202186910.0
Sigma Conseil 1,70710.97.830.85.920.174.610.7
25 Jul 2021Start of the political crisis. President Kais Saied invokes article 80 of the Constitution.
Emrhod Jun 20211,40018737643212386019.0
Sigma Conseil 1,88218.711.538.65.75.33.461.319.9
Emrhod May 20211,40020834723213105214.0
Sigma Conseil 2,00318.610.1363.85.862.117.4
Emrhod Apr 20211,0002663793221346811.0
Sigma Conseil 1,99720.411.838.53.84.12.23.12.958.826.7
Emrhod Mar 20211,4002283962422257217.0
Sigma Conseil 2,00718.47.843.64.84.35725.2
Emrhod Feb 20211,4202064264321256822.0
Sigma Conseil 2,00916.810.736.166.36719.3
Emrhod Jan 20211944187321557022.0
Sigma Conseil 2,01315.48.741.05.59.11468.725.6
Emrhod Dec 20202073845221386518.0
Emrhod Nov 2020198384522296819.0
Sigma Conseil 179.635.45.98.874.718.4
Emrhod Oct 20201,0002173355332612.0
Sigma Conseil 2,03821.113.726.57.26.95.93.33.672.85.4
Emrhod Sep 20201,0002383656231613.0
Sigma Conseil 2,01123.611.427.25.65.565.63.6
Sigma Conseil Aug 202080321.91035.86.66.35.7330.50.515.762.413.9
Emrhod Jul 2020239288424265.0
Sigma Conseil 24.1112976.73.761.34.9
Emrhod Jun 20201,0002311228757561.0
Sigma Conseil May 202024.312.122.28.32.1
Emrhod Apr 202022162212116765Tie
Sigma Conseil Mar 202078724.311.42210.96.92.3
Emrhod Feb 20201,1007.47.27.65.24.51.22.92.50.2
Sigma Conseil Jan 202015.97.516.611.310.24.74.52.62.23.81.910.643.00.7
Emrhod Dec 20196.97.57.84.74.92.53.02.01.53.80.3
Emrhod Nov 201912.513.911.47.99.63.66.43.63.28.64.614.61.4
2019 election 6 Oct 20192,858,18719.614.66.66.45.94.54.11.51.51.12.931.15.0

Results

PartyVotes%Seats
25th of July Movement 80
Independents10
People's Movement 1
Vacant seats7
Total98
Valid votes956,01693.23
Invalid/blank votes69,4026.77
Total votes1,025,418100.00
Registered voters/turnout9,136,50211.22
Source: ISIE

Analysis

Turnout for the election in the first round was 8.8% at 18h, a record low [75] not just for Tunisia, but for the entirety of north Africa.[ citation needed ]

According to the President of the opposition National Salvation Front coalition, Ahmed Najib Chebbi, President Saied lost legal legitimacy in the face of the 91% abstention rate. [76]

The elections were experiencing a historically low turnout, initially estimated at just under 10% of registered voters, [77] then refined to just over 11%, compared to 41% in 2019. [78] The rejection of the political class in general, coupled with the calls for a boycott on the part of the main parties as well as the disinterest in an assembly with considerably restricted powers, lead as expected to a massive disaffection of the voters, who are more concerned about the economic conditions which affect the country. [79] [80] [81]

A total of 23 candidates are elected in the first round, including ten automatically in the absence of opponents: seven in Tunisia itself and three in the diaspora. Of the ten seats reserved for the diaspora, only the last three are filled, the other seven remaining vacant in the absence of candidates in the constituencies. [82] [83] The 25th of July Movement, a pro-Saied party, which presented 152 candidates, won 10 seats in the first round, and 65 of its candidates ended up in the second round. [84] The People's Movement, which critically supported the head of state and nominated 87 candidates, won a place in the first round. [85]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tunisian Football Federation</span> Governing body of association football in Tunisia

The Tunisian Football Federation is the governing body of football in Tunisia. It established on 29 March 1957. It became a member in the FIFA in 1960, and in the same year it also became a member of CAF association. The federation also joined the UAFA in 1976 and the UNAF in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Tunisian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Tunisia on 23 November 2014, a month after parliamentary elections. They were the first free and fair presidential elections since the country gained independence in 1956, and the first direct presidential elections after the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 and the adoption of a new Constitution in January 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First French legislative constituency for citizens abroad</span> Constituency of the French Fifth Republic

The first French legislative constituency for citizens abroad is one of eleven constituencies representing French people living outside France. It was created by the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies and elects, since 2012, one representative to the National Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free Patriotic Union</span> Tunisian political party

The Free Patriotic Union, known by its French acronym UPL, is a political party in Tunisia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Tunisian parliamentary election</span>

Parliamentary elections were held in Tunisia on 26 October 2014. Campaigning started on 4 October 2014. They were the first free regular legislative elections since independence in 1956, and the first elections held following the adoption of the new constitution in January 2014, which created a 217-seat Assembly of the Representatives of the People. According to preliminary results, Nidaa Tounes gained a plurality of votes, winning 85 seats in the 217-seat parliament, beating the Ennahda Movement and many smaller parties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free Destourian Party</span> Tunisian political party

The Free Destourian Party, until August 2016 known as the Destourian Movement, is a Tunisian political party founded by former members of Tunisia's pre-revolution ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally. In the 2014 presidential election, the Destourian Movement presented Abderrahim Zouari, Minister of Transport from 2004 to 2011, as candidate. The party is now led by the lawyer and MP Abir Moussi. Since early 2020, the party is leading in all opinion polls for the next Tunisian general elections, and its leader Abir Moussi is always second just after incumbent president Kais Saied. On 3 October 2023 the president of the PDL, Abir Moussi, was arrested in a series of political arrests and crackdown on the opposition launched by president Kais Saied.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Tunisian presidential election</span>

Presidential elections were held in Tunisia on 15 September 2019, the second direct vote for the presidency since the 2011 revolution. The elections had originally been planned for 17 and 24 November, but were brought forward after the death of incumbent President Beji Caid Essebsi on 25 July to ensure that a new president would take office within 90 days, as required by the constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Quebec general election</span>

The 2022 Quebec general election was held on October 3, 2022, to elect the members of the National Assembly of Quebec. Under the province's fixed election date law, passed in 2013, "the general election following the end of a Legislature shall be held on the first Monday of October of the fourth calendar year following the year that includes the last day of the previous Legislature", setting the date for October 3, 2022.

Polling for the 2019 Tunisian presidential election, which took place on 15 September 2019, with a runoff on 13 October 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kais Saied</span> President of Tunisia since 2019

Kais Saied is a Tunisian politician, jurist and retired assistant professor of law currently serving as the seventh president of Tunisia since October 2019. He was president of the Tunisian Association of Constitutional Law from 1995 to 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nabil Karoui</span> Tunisian politician and businessman

Nabil Karoui is a Tunisian politician and businessman. One of the key figures in the Tunisian media landscape, Karoui is CEO of Karoui & Karoui World and owner of the Tunisian television station Nessma. Karoui ran as a candidate in the 2019 Tunisian presidential election, finishing in second place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heart of Tunisia</span> Tunisian political party

Heart of Tunisia is a Tunisian political party founded on 20 June 2019 by lawyer Houda Knani, a former member of the Free Patriotic Union. The party's candidate for the 2019 Tunisian presidential election, party head Nabil Karoui, placed second, earning him a spot in the runoff election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abir Moussi</span> Tunisian lawyer and politician (born 1975)

Abir Moussi is a Tunisian lawyer and politician. She has been the president of the Free Destourian Party since 2016 and a member of Parliament since 2019. Abir Moussi is considered one of the most important and famous Tunisian politicians who defend the civil state and Bourguiba's approach. She is also known for her absolute rejection of political Islam movements and all forms of confusion between religion and politics. On October 3, 2023, Abir Moussi was arrested in front of the presidential palace of Carthage, in a series of political arrests and crackdown on the opposition launched by Tunisian president Kais Saied.

Ensemble is a liberal political coalition in France created by Emmanuel Macron. Formed in November 2021 as Ensemble Citoyens, it makes up the presidential majority and includes Renaissance, Democratic Movement (MoDem), Horizons, En commun, and the Progressive Federation. The coalition included the parties Agir and Territories of Progress (TDP) until they were merged into the rebranded Renaissance. Ensemble has mainly been described as being centrist, and sometimes as centre-right on the political spectrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum</span>

A constitutional referendum was held in Tunisia on 25 July 2022 by the Independent High Authority for Elections. The referendum was supported by the Tunisian president, Kais Saied, one year into a political crisis that began on 25 July 2021. The referendum was preceded by an electronic consultation regarding the nature of the political system and the method of voting in legislative elections. It was boycotted by many of Tunisia's largest political parties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Ecological and Social People's Union</span> Political coalition in France

The New Ecological and Social People's Union was a left-wing electoral alliance of political parties in France. Formed on May Day 2022, the alliance included La France Insoumise (LFI), the Socialist Party (PS), the French Communist Party (PCF), The Ecologists (LE), Ensemble! (E!), and Génération.s (G.s), and their respective smaller partners. It was the first wide left-wing political alliance since the Plural Left in the 1997 French legislative election. Over 70 dissident candidates who refused the accord still ran.

Tunisia Forward is a political party in Tunisia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25th of July Movement</span> Political party in Tunisia

25th of July Movement is a pro-Kais Saied political movement in Tunisia.

Presidential elections were held in Tunisia on 6 October 2024. This was the first presidential elections since the promulgation of the 2022 constitution. The elections were boycotted by most parties. After rejecting several candidacies, including those of the main opponents of incumbent president Kais Saied, the Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE) confirmed the candidacies of only three candidates; Saied and former deputies Zouhair Maghzaoui and Ayachi Zammel, rejecting those of Mondher Zenaidi, Abdellatif Mekki and Imed Daimi, who had been reinstated by the Administrative Court. This decision was contrary to the constitution, which stipulates that the decisions of the Administrative Court cannot be appealed.

Ayachi Zammel is a Tunisian politician. A graduate of the Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, he is a chemical engineer by training, then became general manager of Ayachi Group. Ayachi Zammel is married and the father of two children.

References

  1. "Tunisia: Saïed Announces Parliamentary Elections for December 17, 2022, and Constitutional Reform Referendum for Next July 25". AllAfrica. 13 December 2021.
  2. "Tunisia election board edges vote turnout up to 11 percent". 19 December 2022.
  3. "Tunisia: President Saied urged to resign after 'fiasco' election". BBC News. 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  4. "En Tunisie, des milliers de manifestants défilent contre leurs dirigeants". Le Temps (in French). 25 July 2021. ISSN   1423-3967 . Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  5. "Kais Saied prend tous les pouvoirs en main, suspend le parlement, limoge Mechichi et s'érige en chef de l'exécutif et du parquet". Leaders (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  6. à 00h32, Par Le Parisien avec AFP Le 26 juillet 2021; À 11h06, Modifié Le 26 Juillet 2021 (25 July 2021). "Tunisie : le président s'arroge le pouvoir exécutif, Ennahdha condamne un "coup d'Etat contre la révolution"". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. "En Tunisie, la crise politique débouche sur une crise constitutionnelle". Les Echos (in French). 26 July 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  8. 1 2 "Publication de dispositions exceptionnelles de la présidence". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  9. "Tunisie : Kaïs Saïed renforce les pouvoirs de la présidence". LEFIGARO (in French). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  10. "Tunisie: mécontentement dans la classe politique après les annonces de Kaïs Saïed". RFI (in French). 23 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  11. "Tunisie : Najla Bouden Romdhane chargée de former un nouveau gouvernement". France 24 (in French). 29 September 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  12. "Tunisie : la consultation citoyenne du président Kaïs Saïed a du plomb dans l'aile". France Culture (in French). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  13. "Tunisie : une consultation largement boudée plébiscite un régime présidentiel". LEFIGARO (in French). 1 April 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  14. "Tunisie: échec de la consultation nationale en ligne voulue par le président Saïed". RFI (in French). 22 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  15. Chamsi, Chahrazed (31 March 2022). "Ftiti: Leur but était de pousser le chef de l'Etat à organiser un dialogue national ou à dissoudre le Parlement [Audio]". Tunisie (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  16. "Tunisie : la crise institutionnelle s'aggrave". Les Echos (in French). 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  17. "Tunisie : poussé dans ses derniers retranchements, Kaïs Saïed dissout l'Assemblée – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  18. "Tunisie: Saïed annonce des nouvelles règles de vote aux élections législatives". Challenges (in French). 6 April 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  19. "Législatives: Un nouveau projet avec les adhérents au 25 juillet". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 5 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  20. "Référendum en Tunisie : la nouvelle Constitution adoptée malgré une forte abstention". France 24 (in French). 26 July 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  21. "En Tunisie, une nouvelle loi électorale réduit le rôle des partis politiques". France 24 (in French). 15 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  22. "Elections: Tunisia Parliament 2019". IFES Election Guide. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  23. "Tunisian president makes new changes to electoral law". Arab News. 17 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  24. 1 2 3 "Tunisie : Le calendrier électoral des législatives publié dans le JORT". www.webdo.tn (in French). 24 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  25. "Tunisie : Parution du décret appelant les électeurs à élire les membres de l'Assemblée". Gnet news (in French). 16 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  26. "Tunisie: démarrage de l'inscription automatique des électeurs pour les législatives". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  27. "Tunisie : démarrage de la période électorale pour les législatives". Kapitalis (in French). 25 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  28. "Législatives 2022: Démarrage de l'opération d'actualisation des bureaux de vote". JawharaFM. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  29. "Le Front du salut national boycotte les législatives". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  30. "Tunisie : le Front du salut réitère son appel au boycott du référendum constitutionnel". LEFIGARO (in French). 11 July 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  31. "Création officielle du Front de salut national présidé par Nejib Chebbi". La Presse de Tunisie (in French). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  32. "Tunisie : Une coalition politique annonce son boycott des prochaines législatives". Gnet news (in French). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  33. "La coalition Soumoud appelle les Tunisiens à boycotter les législatives". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 10 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  34. "Tunisie : Abir Moussi tente l'impossible, rassembler une opposition éclatée". Kapitalis (in French). 31 July 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  35. "Abir Moussi : Le Parti destourien libre ne participera pas aux élections législatives (Vidéo)". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 7 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  36. "PDL : 17 septembre, journée de colère dans tout le pays". www.webdo.tn (in French). 11 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  37. "Tunisie : quel crédit auraient des législatives sans le PDL ?". Kapitalis (in French). 8 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  38. "Afek Tounès appelle Saïed à une présidentielle anticipée". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 22 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  39. "Machrou Tounes n'est pas concerné par les législatives". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  40. "Al Massar ne participera pas aux prochaines législatives". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 2 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  41. "L'Alliance nationale boycotte les législatives". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  42. "Tunisie : Le SNJT menace de boycotter les Législatives". www.webdo.tn (in French). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  43. "Le mouvement "La Tunisie en avant" participera aux prochaines législatives". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  44. "Législatives: La Tunisie en avant y sera, malgré des réserves". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  45. Benyounes, Cherif (3 October 2022). ""La Tunisie en Avant" appelle à la formation d'un front électoral regroupant les progressistes soutenant le processus du 25 juillet". Kapitalis (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  46. "Abid Briki : Je ne me présenterai pas aux législatives". Tunisie Tribune (in French). 14 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  47. "Mongi Rahoui: Al Watad participera aux élections législatives". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  48. "Le Parti national tunisien annonce sa participation aux législatives". La Presse de Tunisie (in French). 7 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  49. "'حراك 25 جويلية' يعلن مشاركته في التشريعية وينتقد أداء هيئة الانتخابات". RadioMosaiqueFM (in Arabic). 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  50. "Le Mouvement du 25 juillet hausse le ton et avertit Kais Saïed [Vidéo]". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 12 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  51. "Législatives: 141 candidats pour le Harak du 25 juillet". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 10 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  52. "Olfa Hamdi : Mon parti peut remporter 82 sièges aux Législatives". www.webdo.tn (in French). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  53. "Ahmed Chaftar candidat aux prochaines législatives". www.webdo.tn (in French). 27 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  54. "Législatives 2022 : Fatma Mseddi candidate". www.webdo.tn (in French). 11 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  55. "25 personnalités pro-Saied lancent l'initiative Pour que le peuple triomphe". www.webdo.tn (in French). 9 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  56. "Brahim Bouderbala candidat aux législatives". www.webdo.tn (in French). 12 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  57. "Législatives 2022 : Mounir Ben Salha candidat". www.webdo.tn (in French). 13 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  58. "L'acteur Atef Ben Hassine candidat aux Législatives". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 26 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  59. "Tunisie: Les partis politiques interdits de faire campagne pour les législatives anticipées". Espace Manager (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  60. DERMECH, Abdelkrim (1 October 2022). "Législatives anticipées : Quel avenir pour les partis politiques ?". La Presse de Tunisie (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  61. "Legislatives 2022: L'Alliance pour la Tunisie dénonce l'interdiction des partis de mener des campagnes électorales". Directinfo (in French). 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  62. "Issam chebbi: Les restrictions excessives aux partis confirment l'illégitimité des prochaines législatives". tuniscope.com (in French). 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  63. DERMECH, Abdelkrim (4 October 2022). "Les partis politiques et les législatives du 17 décembre 2022 : Les doutes, enfin, levés". La Presse de Tunisie (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  64. "ISIE-Elections législatives: Les candidats peuvent utiliser les logos des partis politiques". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 4 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  65. "Législatives: Pas de campagne pour les partis ?". RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  66. "Tunisie/ Législatives : Les candidats n'auront droit ni à un financement public, ni à celui des partis et associations". Gnet news (in French). 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  67. "Zouhair Maghzaoui: Les candidats du Mouvement Echaâb présents dans 120 circonscriptions électorales". Tunisie Numerique (in French). 26 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  68. "Législatives: Al-Chaâb va présenter des candidats dans un moins 120 circonscriptions". Espace Manager (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  69. "Législatives: Tentatives de parrainages illégaux et arrestations..." RadioMosaiqueFM (in French). 6 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  70. Benyounes, Cherif (6 October 2022). "Législatives tunisiennes : Enquête judiciaire à l'encontre de candidats ayant tenté d'obtenir des parrainages illégalement". Kapitalis (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  71. "Tunisie : Les parrainages poussent Kais Saied à amender la loi électorale !". www.webdo.tn (in French). 8 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  72. "Tunisie : "Il vaut mieux ne pas toucher à la loi électorale, en cette période" (Bouaskar)". Gnet news (in French). 10 October 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  73. Loum, Souleymane (10 October 2022). "L'ISIE ose fixer une ligne rouge, vers un combat contre Saied?". Tunisie (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  74. "Tunisie : démarrage de la période électorale pour les législatives". Kapitalis (in French). 25 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  75. Cordall, Simon Speakman (17 December 2022). "Tunisian parliamentary election records just 8.8% turnout". The Guardian . Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  76. "Tunisian parliamentary election records just 8.8% turnout". the Guardian. 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  77. "En Tunisie, la participation en berne pour les premières élections législatives sous la présidence de Kaïs Saïed". Le Monde.fr (in French). 17 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  78. "Tunisie : 11,22 % de participation aux élections législatives anticipées". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  79. "En Tunisie, des élections législatives sans débat ni passion". Le Monde.fr (in French). 16 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  80. "Tunisie : faible mobilisation pour l'élection d'un Parlement sans vrais pouvoirs". LEFIGARO (in French). 17 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  81. "Tunisie: très faible affluence pour élire un Parlement au rôle limité". TV5MONDE (in French). 17 December 2022. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  82. "Tunisia: 23 Constituencies Not Concerned By Legislative Runoff, Says Mnasri". allAfrica.com. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  83. "Tunisia set for runoffs after low turnout parliamentary elections". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  84. "Harak 25-Juillet : nous avons déjà dix futurs élus et nous visons le gouvernement". 21 December 2022.
  85. "Tunisie – Législatives : Le peuple a envoyé un message clair". Directinfo (in French). 19 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.