2024 Tunisian presidential election

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2024 Tunisian presidential election
Flag of Tunisia.svg
←  2019 6 October 20242029 →
Turnout28.80% (Decrease2.svg 20.18pp)
  Kais Saied 2023.jpg 3x4.svg
Candidate Kais Saied Ayachi Zammel
Party Independent Azimoun
Popular vote2,438,954197,551
Percentage90.69%7.35%
President before election

Kais Saied
Independent

Elected President

Kais Saied
Independent

Presidential elections were held in Tunisia on 6 October 2024. [1] They were the first presidential elections since the promulgation of the 2022 constitution and were boycotted by most parties. After rejecting several candidacies, including those of the main opponents of incumbent president Kais Saied, the Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE) confirmed the candidacies of only three candidates; Saied and former deputies Zouhair Maghzaoui and Ayachi Zammel, rejecting those of Mondher Zenaidi, Abdellatif Mekki and Imed Daïmi  [ fr ], who had been reinstated by the Administrative Court. This decision was contrary to the constitution, which stipulates that the decisions of the Administrative Court cannot be appealed.[ citation needed ]

Contents

On 14 September the Administrative Court ordered the ISIE to accept the candidacies, which the latter refused, before the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, fearing that the latter would invalidate the elections, transferred, by a controversial amendment to the electoral law, the powers of the Administrative Court to the Court of Appeal of Tunis. A few weeks before the election, Ayachi Zammel, who had obtained the support of part of the opposition, was imprisoned and then sentenced to a total of thirteen years and eight months in prison in three trials for accusations of false sponsorship. The sentences against him were interpreted by several observers and non-governmental organizations as judicial harassment aimed at eliminating his candidacy. Similarly, the sidelining or imprisonment of other candidates were also denounced. Saied won with 91% of the vote, with a voter turnout of just under 29%, the lowest since the Tunisian revolution. He was inaugurated for a second term as president on 21 October. [2]

Background

On 25 July 2021, Republic Day, after months of political crisis between President of the Republic, Kais Saied and the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, thousands of protesters demanded the latter's dissolution and a change of regime. [3] The government was criticized for the catastrophic state of the economy and its inaction, which led in particular to the worsening of the health crisis linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. [4] That same evening, invoking Article 80 of the 2014 Constitution, Kais Saied dismissed the Mechichi Cabinet with immediate effect, in particular Hichem Mechichi from his duties as head of government and interim Minister of the Interior, announced the suspension of the assembly (whose members he lifted their immunity), the formation of a new government (which would be accountable to him) and his decision to govern by decree; he also indicated that he would chair the prosecution. [5] Ennahda immediately denounced a "coup d'état". [6] This description of a coup d'état is shared by political analysts and lawyers. [7]

Pro-Saied protest in Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Tunis, 3 October 2021. mZhrt msnd@ lqys s`yd 4.jpg
Pro-Saied protest in Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Tunis, 3 October 2021.

On 22 September he confirmed by decree the extension of the decisions as well as the dissolution of the Provisional Authority responsible for monitoring the constitutionality of draft laws, and decided to suspend the salaries and benefits granted to the President of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People and its members, [8] and granted himself the right to govern by decree, de facto recovering legislative power. [9] His decision was criticized by most of the parties represented in Parliament. [10] On 29, September the President tasked Najla Bouden with forming a new government. She thus became a pioneer in the country as well as in the Arab world. [11] From 15 January to 20 March 2022, an electronic consultation took place on the reforms to be proposed in anticipation of the referendum. [12] In the vote, which had a very low turnout, the options of a transition to a presidential system and a single-member constituency for the legislative elections prevailed. [13] On 30 March 120 deputies, chaired by the second vice-president of the assembly Tarek Fetiti, [14] met in a virtual session to vote on the end of the exceptional measures in force since 25 July. On the same day, Kais Saied dissolved Parliament, which the Constitution prohibits during the period when the state of emergency is applied, and threatened the deputies with legal action. [15]

On 6 April, Kais Saied announced that the elections would be held by a two-round majority single-member constituency. [16] On 5 September, he indicated that the electoral law would be drawn up taking into account the recommendations of the supporters of the 25 July process, and that the rest of the political class would be excluded from this process. [17] On 25 July 2022, the new Constitution was adopted by constitutional referendum with 94.60% of the vote. [18] The new electoral law was published by decree on 15 September. [19] The suspension of parliament was extended pending the investiture of the new legislature. [20] In October 2024, a few days before the presidential election, several demonstrations took place in Tunis, with protesters calling for a boycott of the election. [21]

Candidacy requirements

The Independent High Authority for Elections has announced the following candidacy requirements: [22]

Candidates

Expected or not having submitted their candidacy

Submitted candidacy

The submission of applications to the Independent High Authority for Elections (ISIE) began on 29 July 2024 and ended on 6 August. [42] The preliminary list of applications was announced on 11 August after the examination of the applications and the final list announced on 3 September. [43]

Disqualifications and arrests

On 4 July 2024 the ISIE announced changes to the rules regulating candidates to the presidential elections by issuing Ordinance 544 in which they raised the age limit of presidential candidates to 40 years old compared to the age limit of 35 years old currently enacted by the electoral law as well as adding other constraining requirements exceeding the electoral law requirements. [62] The ordinances were contested by multiple political parties such as the Third Republic Party and Attayar Party. Both parties filed lawsuits against the electoral committee for the annulment of Ordinance 544. [63] [64] A total of 17 candidates applied to run in the presidential election. [65]

On 19 July 2024 a court barred Lotfi Mraïhi, the president of the Republican People's Union, from standing in elections for life after convicting him of vote-buying involving the 2019 presidential election. He was also sentenced to eight months' imprisonment. [66] Several candidates and campaign workers were also arrested and sentenced to prison during the candidate registration process, including Abir Moussi, who received a two-year sentence for charges of spreading false news shortly after registering her candidacy on 3 August, as well as Nizar Chaari, who received an eight-month prison term on 5 August and had three of his campaign workers arrested on charges of forging signatures. Four staffers of Karim Gharbi's presidential campaign were also arrested on charges of buying signatures of endorsement. [67]

Due to the minimum age rule, Olfa Hamdi was automatically banned from participating. [68] K2Rhym was convicted to four years in prison in absentia and banned from voting and running for the presidency for life. [69] Safi Said was arrested on 22 August 2024 and placed in pre-trial detention. [70] On 2 September Ayachi Zammel was arrested on suspicion of falsifying endorsements shortly before his candidacy was confirmed by the ISIE. [71] On 18 September, he was sentenced to 20 months imprisonment for the charges. Despite this, he has pledged to continue his presidential campaign. [72] He was sentenced to another six months' imprisonment on related charges on 25 September [73] and an additional 12 years' imprisonment in four related cases on 1 October. [74] On 27 September, the Assembly of the Representatives of the People voted to amend the country's election law by preventing the judiciary from interfering with decisions of the ISIE. [75]

Successful candidacy

The preliminary applications were announced on 10 August. These were those of the incumbent president Kais Saied, Zouhair Maghzaoui and Ayachi Zammel. [76] The other candidates saw their applications rejected, generally for a lack of sponsorships. [77] [78] Many of them and those who had given up running were prosecuted for suspicion of false sponsorships. On 2 September, the electoral authority confirmed the validation of the three applications, three other applications, those of Mondher Zenaidi, Abdellatif Mekki and Imed Daïmi, who had been reinstated by the Administrative Court, were however rejected. [79] This decision is however contrary to the Constitution, which stipulates that the decisions of the Administrative Court cannot be appealed and that the role of the Independent High Authority for Elections is only technical. The president of the ISIE claimed that the Administrative Court is not competent and accused the latter of failing to notify them of the decision to reinstate the candidates, which the Administrative Court denied. [80] The decision was denounced by the Tunisian General Labour Union and Human Rights Watch. [81] [82]

Daïmi was referred by the ISIE for perjury regarding the failure to renounce his French nationality. [83] In response, Zenaidi announced that he was filing an appeal with the Administrative Court. On 14 September, the latter ordered the ISIE to accept these candidacies. [84] On 20 September, deputies submitted a draft amendment to the electoral law, to remove the Administrative Court's prerogatives to validate the election results, in anticipation that it, independent unlike other jurisdictions, would invalidate the results of the presidential election. [85] Entrusting the powers of the Administrative Court to the Court of Appeal, the law was adopted on 27 September. [86]

Candidate (name and age) and political partyMain political mandates exercisedOther information
Kais Saied
(66 years) [87]
Independent		 Kais Saied 2023.jpg President of the Republic
(since 2019)		Incumbent President
Ayachi Zammel
(47 years) [88]
Azimoun		 Sin foto.svg Member of Parliament for Kébili constituency
(2014–2021)		President of Azimoun
Zouhair Maghzaoui
(59 years) [89]
People's Movement 		Sin foto.svg Member of Parliament for Siliana constituency
(2019–2021)		Secretary General of the People's Movement. An admirer of Lula da Silva, he has long been an unofficial advisor to the outgoing president.

Campaign

Boycott

The opposition was divided between boycotting and voting for an opposition candidate. [90] A candidate from the National Salvation Front can initially be presented by the coalition if the conditions are met. [91] However, in April 2024, it announced a boycott of the election, which it described as an "electoral farce". [92] The Workers' Party announced in July that it was boycotting the elections and would not present a candidate. [93] On 2 October, five left-wing parties announced a boycott of the elections, including the Workers' Party, the Socialist Party, Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties, Social Democratic Path and Democratic Modernist Pole. [94] For their part, the Democratic Current and the Free Destourian Party announced that they would reject the results in advance. [95] On 3 October, Ennahda strongly criticized the electoral process and its legitimacy, without giving any voting instructions. Former President Moncef Marzouki also called for a boycott. [96]

Imprisonment of Ayachi Zammel

On 4 September, Ayachi Zammel was arrested and placed in pretrial detention two days later on charges of false sponsorship. [97] [98] After obtaining his provisional release on 5 September, [99] he was immediately arrested and sentenced to twenty months in prison on 18 September. [100] [101] On 25 September, a new six-month prison sentence for "falsification of documents" was handed down against Zammel. [102] On 1 October, he was sentenced to an additional twelve years in prison, a decision, as well as the rejection and imprisonment of other candidates, which were denounced by Human Rights Watch. [103] This accumulation of summary sentences was interpreted as judicial relentlessness reflecting the government's panic over his electoral potential, with many opponents considering voting for him, despite his lack of notoriety, the latter having initially spared him from a rejection of his candidacy. [104] [105]

Saied

With little involvement in the campaign, Kais Saied enjoyed the support of the 25 July movement, which is campaigning for him. According to political scientist Khadija Mohsen Finan, the challenge for the outgoing president is a decent turnout. Moreover, although his authoritarianism is tarnishing his image, he cares little about it as he capitalizes on nationalist, sovereignist and anti-Western rhetoric. In return, this discourse reaches a large part of the population, who see him as a man of integrity. [106]

Conduct

Voting was held in 5,000 polling stations [107] from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. [108] Around 9.7 million people were eligible to vote. [109] On 7 October, the ISIE announced the results, Kais Saied was re-elected president of Tunisia with 90.69% but on a turnout of 28.8%, the lowest since 2011, with Ayachi Zammel winning 7.3% and Zouhair Maghzaoui winning 1.9%. [110]

Observers

The ISIE banned the groups I Watch and Mourakiboun from monitoring the election, alleging that they had received funds from overseas in a suspicious manner. In response, I Watch said it received foreign funding through legal means, while Mourakiboun called the claims "baseless". [111]

Preliminary results

CandidatePartyVotes%
Kais Saied Independent 2,438,95490.69
Ayachi Zammel Azimoun 197,5517.35
Zouhair Maghzaoui People's Movement 52,9031.97
Total2,689,408100.00
Valid votes2,689,40895.76
Invalid votes84,9533.02
Blank votes34,1871.22
Total votes2,808,548100.00
Registered voters/turnout9,753,21728.80
Source: Independent High Authority for Elections [112] (preliminary)

Voter demographics

SIGMA Conseil exit polling for state broadcaster Télévision Tunisienne suggested the following demographic breakdown.

Voter demographics in percentage [113] [114]
Social group Saied Zammel Maghzaoui Lead
Exit poll result89.26.93.982.3
Preliminary result90.77.41.283.3
Gender
Men88.37.64.180.7
Women90.45.93.684.5
Age
Younger than 3587.38.54.378.8
35–4587.08.05.079.0
46–6090.06.53.483.5
Older than 6092.74.23.188.5
Level of education
No education90.14.06.086.1
Lower education93.13.73.289.4
Secondary education89.66.63.883.0
Higher education86.110.03.976.1

By governorate

Preliminary results by governorate
Governorate Saied Zammel Maghzaoui
Votes %Votes %Votes %
Ariana 111,05684.56%17,09113.01%3,1932.43%
Béja 71,57294.92%2,7583.66%1,0761.43%
Ben Arous 137,57688.02%15,3569.83%3,3622.15%
Bizerte 111,67292.71%7,2235.79%1,8791.51%
Gabès 68,03188.82%6,4978.48%2,0642.69%
Gafsa 69,80492.63%3,7975.04%1,7532.33%
Jendouba 89,72095.97%2,6392.82%1,1311.21%
Kairouan 117,39994.92%5,0794.11%1,2020.97%
Kasserine 103,94395.17%3,8463.52%1,4341.31%
Kebili 33,31186.89%2,5266.59%2,4986.52%
Kef 58,12695.49%1,9373.18%8061.32%
Mahdia 91,34493.99%4,4184.55%1,4241.47%
Manouba 85,94792.46%5,5936.02%1,4201.53%
Medenine 70,97488.49%6,9628.68%2,2722.83%
Monastir 128,36493.04%7,6675.56%1,9291.40%
Nabeul 198,51793.35%10,9375.14%3,1981.50%
Sfax 215,85687.89%24,3079.90%5,4472.22%
Sidi Bouzid 99,80195.74%2,7772.66%1,6661.60%
Siliana 56,01892.81%3,7196.16%623 1.03%
Sousse 138,62691.17%10,8037.10%2,6281.73%
Tataouine 18,07587.21%2,09210.09%5592.70%
Tozeur 27,04393.20%1,4144.87%5601.93%
Tunis 207,45885.65%28,86511.92%5,8972.43%
Zaghouan 48,01495.09%1,8633.69%6181.22%
Diaspora 76,70777.99%17,38517,68%4,2644.34%
Total2,438,95490.69%197,5517.35%52,9031.97%
Source: Independent High Authority for Elections [112]

Overseas

Preliminary results per collection centre in the Tunisian diaspora
Collection centre Saied Zammel Maghzaoui
Votes %Votes %Votes %
Africa 48668.64%17424.58%486.78%
Americas 2,41157.40%1,53636.57%2536.02%
Arab countries 8,41578.81%1,86217.44%4013.76%
Italy 13,12093.69%6864.90%1981.41%
Germany 4,18870.30%1,41223.70%3575.99%
Asia and Australia 16972.53%4318.45%219.01%
Rest of Europe 7,04871.29%2,32923.56%5105.16%
France 117,98767.16%7,05626.35%1,7386.49%
France 210,73485.62%1,37110.94%4323.45%
France 312,14990.86%9166.85%3062.29%
Total76,70777.99%17,38517,68%4,2644.34%
Source: Independent High Authority for Elections [112]

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References

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  39. ↑ "Tunisie : le rappeur K2Rhym veut faire entendre sa voix à la présidentielle". JeuneAfrique.com.
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  109. ↑ "Tunisia votes in presidential election against a backdrop of repression". France 24. 6 October 2024.
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  112. 1 2 3 "قرار الهيئة العليا المستقلة للإنتخابات مؤرّخ في 7 أكتوبر 2024 يتعلّق بالتصريح بالنتائج الأوّليّة للانتخابات الرئاسيّة لسنة 2024" [The decision of the Independent High Authority for Elections dated 7 October 2024 regarding the declaration of the preliminary results of the presidential elections of the year 2024](PDF) (in Arabic). Independent High Authority for Elections . Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  113. ↑ "Présidentielle 2024 – Selon Sigma, Kaïs Saïed réélu avec 89,2%" [Presidential 2024 - According to Sigma, Kaïs Saïed re-elected with 89.2%] (in French). Business News. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
  114. ↑ التقديرات الأولية لنتائج التصويت للانتخابات الرئاسية أربع و عشرين و ألفين [Preliminary estimates of the voting results for the 2024 presidential election] (YouTube video) (in Arabic). Télévision Tunisienne. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
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