Alfred Leete's recruitment poster for Kitchener's Army.
On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army. The newly appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'.[1][2] The K2, K3 and K4 battalions, brigades and divisions followed soon afterwards. But the flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the Army to absorb them, and the K5 units were largely raised by local initiative rather than at regimental depots, often from men from particular localities or backgrounds who wished to serve together: these were known as 'Pals battalions'. The 'Pals' phenomenon quickly spread across the country, as local recruiting committees offered complete units to the War Office (WO). One such unit was offered by the Mayor (William Davison) and Borough of Kensington in London following a public meeting on 11 September 1914 and accepted by the WO the same day. Some groups enrolled in the battalion together, for example from Whiteleys department store in Queensway, and Notting Hill Rugby Club, but Kensington volunteers had already filled the 13th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Kensington) of the Territorial Force to its full establishment strength of 1100 men, and formed its 2nd Line battalion. The flood of volunteers was ebbing, and Davison feared that he would not get the 1100 required, despite extending recruitment to neighbouring Hammersmith and to Regent Street Polytechnic. King Edward's Horse (known as the King's Overseas Dominions Regiment) had filled its second regiment from 'Colonials' in London but was also struggling to fill an additional infantry battalion. The General Officer Commanding London District, Major-General Sir Francis Lloyd, suggested that the two battalions should merge and this was done. A and B Companies of the new 22nd (Service) Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (22nd RF), were Colonials, while C and D were from Kensington. Major Archibald Innes, formerly of the Rifle Brigade, who had won a Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in the Boer War, was recommended as commanding officer (CO) by one of the Kensington Aldermen, and CaptainRandle Barnett Barker, formerly of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and a relative of the mayor's wife, was appointed second-in-command. At one of the early parades Lieutenant-Colonel Innes asked the assembled recruits whether they wanted to be known as the 'Imperial', 'Colonial' or 'Kensington' battalion, but pointed out that if they chose the latter they would be 'adopted' by the royal borough. That is what was chosen.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Old Kensington Town Hall, where the early recruits were enlisted.
Training
The recruits assembled at the White City exhibition grounds in Hammersmith. Drill was carried out at Wormwood Scrubs. Training was hindered by the same shortages of weapons, equipment and instructors as the other Kitchener battalions, although the Kensingtons were able to place contracts with local firms such as Harrods, Lillywhites and Derry & Toms, and its men were clothed in khaki service dress while many other units had to make do with temporary blue uniforms. White City became so crowded, with troops of the Territorial Force (TF) also using the site, that on 27 October the Kensington battalion moved to Roffey Park at Horsham, Sussex, with the men billeted in local homes until huts could be built. Drill was carried out in Denne Park and manoeuvres at Plummers Plain and Mannings Heath. E Company was formed at Roffey as the battalion reserve company, later joined by F Company.[5][7][6][9][10]
The battalion was assigned to 120th Brigade of 40th Division, which were renumbered 99th Brigade and 33rd Division in May 1915. This brigade consisted of the 17th (Empire), 22nd (Kensington), 23rd (1st Sportsman's) and 24th (2nd Sportsman's) service battalions of the Royal Fusiliers. In June 22 RF, less E and F Companies, moved to Clipstone Camp in Nottinghamshire, where 33rd Division was concentrating. At the beginning of August the division moved to Tidworth Camp for final battle training on Salisbury Plain, where Lt-Col Innes moved to take command of 27th (Reserve) Bn (see below) and Maj Barker was promoted to succeed him in command of 22nd RF.[5][7][11][12][13]
27th (Reserve) Battalion
The two reserve companies of the 22nd RF remained at Horsham when the battalion departed for Clipstone Camp in June 1915. In August they were joined by the reserve companies of the 17th (Empire) battalion from Warlingham in Surrey and formed into 27th (Reserve) Battalion, commanded by Lt-Col Innes from the 22nd RF. The 32nd (East Ham) Battalion, RF, was formed in October 1915 and eventually its reserve companies also joined 27th (R) Bn. In November the battalion moved to Oxford as part of 24th Reserve Brigade (an all-Royal Fusiliers brigade), and in April 1916 the brigade moved to Edinburgh. On 1 September 1916 the Local Reserve battalions were transferred to the Training Reserve and 27th (R) Bn RF became 103rd Training Reserve Battalion, though the training staff retained their Royal Fusiliers badges. The battalion was disbanded on 14 December 1917 at Catterick Camp.[3][5][7][10][6][14][15]
Service
On 4 November 1915, 33rd Division was ordered to move to France, to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) fighting on the Western Front. On 6 November 22 RF entrained at Tidworth Station for Folkestone, where it embarked for Boulogne. By 21 November the whole division had concentrated at Morbecque. BEF policy was to even up the experience between its New Army and Regular Army formations by exchanging brigades and then distributing the experienced Regular battalions through the New Army formations. On 25 November 99th Bde moved to Béthune where it transferred to 2nd Division in exchange for 19th Bde. Then on 13 December it exchanged two Royal Fusiliers Pals battalions for Regular battalions from 2nd Division, so that 22nd (Kensington) and 23rd (1st Sportsman's) battalions were now brigaded with 1st Royal Berkshire Regiment, 1st King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC), and for a short time 1/5th King's (Liverpool Regiment), an attached TF battalion that would soon join its own division.[5][7][11][12][16][17][18][19]
When 99th Bde joined, 2nd Division was holding the line in the Cuinchy sector, where the raw Pals battalions were introduced to Trench warfare by the experienced battalions. Parties from 22nd RF spent 24 hours at a time with the Berkshires and KRRC, and then by companies with 1/5th King's, when it suffered its first casualties from shellfire. On 16–20 and 23–26 December the battalion took over its own section of the line for the first time, near Cambrin. From 30 December to 25 January 1916 the division trained round Busnes, then returned to the Béthune sector, where the battalions began rotating between front line and reserve trenches at Festubert and Givenchy. 22nd Royal Fusiliers received its first draft of reinforcements from 27th Bn, but had to transfer a number of men to help form the brigade Trench Mortar Battery (TMB). On 28 February 2nd Division relieved a French division south of Lens and on 5 March 22 RF went into the trenches at Souchez. It spent the next two months in this area, alternating spells in the line with training and providing working parties.[20][21]
Vimy Ridge
On 21 May the Germans put in a major attack on the British positions on Vimy Ridge, preceded by a heavy bombardment and the explosion of a mine. The attack overwhelmed the forward positions of 47th (1/2nd London) Division. 2nd Division was ordered up from reserve in buses and lorries and next day 99th Bde relieved 140th (4th London) Brigade and prepared to make a counter-attack from the reserve trenches to recover the lost ground. The attack was twice postponed in order to carry out artillery preparation, but was retimed for 20.25 with 22nd RF on the right, 1st Berkshire on the left, 1st KRRC in support and 23rd RF in reserve. However, just before the attack was launched the Germans put down a heavy bombardment on the attacking battalions, with a barrage behind them to cut them off. The acting COs of both battalions (Maj Roston of 22nd RF and his opposite number of 1st Berks) sent messages back to Brigade HQ that they could not attack (though the divisions either side managed to attack). Lieutenant-Col Barker of 22nd RF had been at Brigade HQ and volunteered to go forward through the barrage and clear things up: he replaced the Berks with the KRRC and reorganised the start time for 01.30, but 47th Division advised that moonrise at 01.00 made that impractical. Eventually Barker received an order to cancel the attack. However, Nos 5 and 8 Platoons of B Company, 22nd RF, had not received the first cancellation order and had gone forward as scheduled at 20.25, accompanied by a few men from 226th Field Company, Royal Engineers. They got into the enemy front trench and held it for an hour and a half, but being unsupported they had to retire through the barrage to rejoin B Company, suffering heavy casualties. The battalion was relieved by 1st Berkshires, having suffered total casualties of 3 officers wounded (one fatally) 7 other ranks (ORs) killed and 78 wounded during the evening. The battalion moved back into the same trenches on 26 May, working hard to improve the former reserve line, and suffering further casualties. It then returned to the usual rotation of trench duties.[22][23][24][lower-alpha 1]
An abandoned German trench in Delville Wood.
Delville Wood
That summer's 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme) opened on 1 July, and on 15 July 2nd Division was withdrawn from the Vimy front for training. On 20 July it was sent south to join in the offensive and on the night of 24/25 July 99th Bde relieved a brigade of 3rd Division at Montauban. They faced Delville Wood, which had already withstood several attacks. Major Harman and two companies of 22nd RF were assigned as the garrison of Montauban village. The other two companies were in some trenches north of 'The Quarry', and suffered casualties from shelling next day, including the new tear gas and phosgene gas shells. 99th Brigade then attacked on 27 July. The assaulting waves formed up during the night, with C and D Companies of 22nd RF in Bernafy Wood as brigade reserve, the other two companies detailed as carrying parties for the attacking battalions. The assault went in at 07.20 after a 70-minute bombardment of the enemy trenches and succeeded in clearing the rest of Delville Wood. Thereafter the wood was subjected to heavy German shelling, as was the British starting line, making it difficult to get supplies up to the fighting as the Germans threw in fierce counter-attacks. The two carrying companies of 22nd RF took bombs and ammunition to 1st KRRC, and also defended their flank on the eastern face of the wood. The other two companies moved up to the support line in Longueval Alley, which was under heavy shellfire. The brigade was relieved before daybreak next day, two companies of 22nd RF going back to Montauban and one further back, but one remained in Longueval Alley under shellfire. The rest of 2nd Division held off strong counter-attacks next day. On 29 July A and B Companies returned to their Montauban defences while C and D went behind the village. At Delville Wood the battalion lost 1 officer killed and 4 wounded, 26 ORs killed, 143 wounded and 20 missing. When roll-call was taken on 29 July, the battalion was down to 18 officers and 400 ORs, though nearly 50 stragglers came in over succeeding days.[16][17][26][27][28][29]
While the rest of 2nd Division attacked at the Battle of Guillemont on 30–31 July, 22nd RF was back in Delville Wood, where Lt-Col Barker reorganised the defences to emphasise firepower (12 Lewis Guns of the battalion and 8 Vickers guns of 99th Brigade Machine Gun Company). During the battalion's four-day tour of duty the wood was constantly shelled and subjected to probing attacks. The division made another attack on Guillemont on 8 August, when 22nd RF was employed carrying ammunition. The division then moved to the quieter Hébuterne sector, 22nd RF doing trench duty and fatigues, including carrying up gas cylinders for a cloud gas attack on 5 September. Lieutenant-Col Barker, who had been awarded a DSO for his work at Delville Wood, was acting brigade commander and was ordered to put on raids and active patrolling to draw attention from the British attack at Flers–Courcelette on 15 September. One raid by 22nd RF that night with artillery support was particularly successful. The division then went to rest and train in Corps Reserve for the remainder of the month.[16][17][30][31][32]
Ancre
On 30 September 22nd RF marched to trenches at the northern end of Redan Ridge in the River Ancre sector. When it was not in the line, it took part in training for an attack scheduled for mid-October, rehearsing the attack against dummy trenches. The battalion was in the line on 20 October when the Germans expected the attack and shelled the trenches heavily. However the attack was repeatedly postponed. By early November sickness rates in the battalion rose sharply due to the bad weather. The attack (the Battle of the Ancre) was finally made on 13 November. On 2nd Division's front the initial assault was made by 5th and 6th Bdes, with 99th Bde in reserve. 22nd and 23rd RF were under orders to move forward ready to support these attacks. 22nd RF and a section of 99th MG Company moved up into 'Sixth Avenue' just after midnight. When the assault was launched at 05.45, 5th Brigade achieved all its objectives quickly, but 6th Bde struggled through the mud and got left behind by its creeping barrage, and the attack by 3rd Division to its north completely failed. 22nd RF and its MG section were ordered to form a defensive flank facing north to cover the exposed flank of 5th Bde while the rest of 99th Bde continued the attack next day. It moved out into No man's land at 04.30 on 14 November to gain touch with the flank battalion of 5th Bde and form a line facing the old German strongpoint of the Quadrilateral. C Company, leading, linked with 5th Bde but B Company got lost in the mist and boggy ground. D and later A Companies then completed the line across to 6th Bde, with B Company in reserve. They held this position while the rest of 99th Bde attacked towards Munich Trench. During the day 13th Essex Regiment of 6th Bde dug a new communication trench up to the Quadrilateral and fed troops to help 22nd RF, which also had detachments from several other units under its command.That night there were still Germans holding out in part of the Quadrilateral, and early on 15 November A, B and D Companies of 22nd RF with help from 'Barker's Mixed Force' began an attack to clear them out. Two tanks sent to help bogged down and the fighting went on all day until strongpoints established on the high ground of Redan Ridge by the Fusiliers made the German positions untenable and they evacuated them. The battalion was relieved on 16 November.[16][17][33][34][35][36]
Ancre Heights
2nd Division moved into the back areas to refit and train, with 22nd RF at Yvrench. On 13 January 1917 it returned to the Somme front, taking over a line of individual post on the Ancre Heights facing Petit Miraumont. 22nd RF was in reserve until 28/29 January. 99th Brigade under the temporary command of Lt-Col Barker took part in the attack on Boom Ravine at Petit Miraumont on 17 February. 1st KRRC (left) and 23rd RF (right) led. Two platoons of B Company 22nd RF were assigned to C Company of the KRRC for 'mopping up', with the rest of the company for carrying parties. D Company of 22nd RF were assigned to form a defensive flank for 23rd RF. A and C Companies would then continue the attack up to the second objective (South Miraumont Trench) on the higher ground beyond. The men formed up and lay down in the dark before Zero hour at 05.45, having been issued with chewing gum to reduce coughing. However, the Germans had gained details of the attack and began shelling heavily at 04.30, causing casualties. The British creeping barrage began at 05.45 and the troops began to advance behind it. Unfortunately there had been a thaw, the men were held up by the soft ground and lost the barrage, some of them also losing direction in the darkness. They reached the first objective but were raked with fire from the right, where a supporting attack had failed. Following up, 22nd RF's A and C Companies crossed Boom Ravine, but initially drifted to the north west before correcting their direction. They reached South Miraumont Trench but by then were weak and isolated, two platoons of C Company on the left being cut off and captured, and the rest slowly gave ground before helping to set up a defensive line just in front of Boom Ravine. Advancing up the right flank, D Company found the German wire uncut, and all its officers became casualties. Lance-SergeantFrederick Palmer cut through the wire and led the remnants of the company forward to establish a trench block. He then went back to collect more bombs. On his return he was dazed by the explosion of a rifle grenade but rallied his party, and together with a Lewis gun team from 23rd RF they held off successive attacks, maintaining the defensive flank. By late afternoon the German counter-attacks against 99th Bde had been held off. 22nd RF's casualties in this partial success are not accurately recorded, but they are known to have been the battalion's heaviest so far: about 12 (out of 18) officers and 270–275 ORs. The battalion was temporarily reorganised into three rather than four companies: A/B, C and D. Lance-Sgt Palmer was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) for his actions and was soon commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the battalion.[16][17][37][38][39][40]
Shortly after the action at Miraumont the Germans began retreating to their Hindenburg Line defences (Operation Alberich). 2nd Division began to follow up, with 99th Bde attacking the blocking position at Grevillers Trench near Irles on 10 March once the heavy artillery had come forward. The KRRC and Berks led the attack, with 22nd RF providing a company-sized carrying party for each battalion, and A/B Company supporting the attack with 8 Lewis guns from Grundy Trench. The operation cost fewer casualties (200) that the number of prisoners taken (227). The men of 22nd RF filled the supply dumps in the captured trench within an hour of Zero, and continued carrying supplies and stretchers all day.[16][17][41][42][43][44]
Arras
Oppy Wood from the air
On 24 March 2nd Division began moving north of Arras to join First Army for the forthcoming offensive, with 99th Bde at Tangry where it began refitting and training. 22nd RF was still very weak – now organised into just two companies – and the reinforcement drafts were barely trained and many of low medical category. The offensive began well with a successful attack at Vimy Ridge on 9 April. Two days later 22nd RF moved forward to take over the old German Support and Reserve Lines, and on 13 April to the new front line opposite Gavrelle, though the two companies could only cover a short front. The Germans then withdrew from the vulnerable villages beneath the ridge and fell back to a stronger position, 99th Bde following up. After a short rest 99th Bde went back into the line after 2nd Division's failed attack on Oppy Wood on 28 April. The brigade was ordered to attack at 03.00 next day, so there was no time for reconnaissance. 22nd RF formed the right of the brigade's attack, going forward with about 240 men organised as Right (B/C) and Left (D/A) Companies, with 1st KRRC supplying carrying parties and 50-man detachment to form a defensive flank. Some of the supply dumps of grenades and ammunition were blown up by enemy shellfire just before the attack. The battalion went forward after a 6-minute barrage, and was immediately faced by uncut wire: those men who got through the first belt were trapped by a second belt. On the extreme left 13 Platoon slipped through a gap alongside 1st Berks, but 14, 15 and 16 Platoons were cut to shreds by enemy fire. Right Company lost almost all its officers and one platoon almost immediately, but 2nd Lieutenant Jeffcoat found a way through the wire with his platoon, and engaged in a prolonged bombing fight with the Germans, joined by carrying parties from the 1st KRRC and men from the reserve battalion (23rd RF) that Lt-Col Barker was able to 'dribble' forward withall the. bombs he coud obtain. Jeffcoat was able to join up with parties from 4th Bedfordshire Regiment and 1st Honourable Artillery Company of the neighbouring 63rd (Royal Naval) Division, which had been 'bombing' their way up the line towards 2nd Division. Although Jeffcoat was mortally wounded this mixed force handed over about 1,000 yards (910m) of captured German trench when it was relieved in the evening. Only 40 men of 22nd RF returned from the attack that evening, though Lt-Col Barker was hopeful of finding another 60 amongst the mixed up units. He wrote to the Mayor of Kensington that 'the old Regt can't be rebuilt ... I shall have to make a new one'. In fact the total casualties were 163 out of 240.[16][17][45][46][47][48]
2nd Division was required to make a further attack in the Oppy area on 3 May. It was so weak that it formed four composite battalions, with D Battalion consisting of three companies of 1st KRRC and a 100-strong composite company of 22nd RF under 2nd Lt Palmer. However, they got broken up on their way up to the line on 2 May and Palmer and his men were passed over to C Battalion (23rd RF and 1st Berks). C Battalion advanced alongside the Canadian Corps who advanced from Arleux to Fresnoy, but B Battalion on the right was held up. Palmer's 22nd RF company did good work in the middle, constructing and holding a strongpoint. It lost 24 men out of 100 engaged.[16][17][49][50][51]
22nd RF, with 9 officers and 174 ORs, was the weakest battalion in a very weak division ('bled white' in the words of the Official History[49]). 2nd Division was unfit for any offensive action for months to come, and was not involved in the Third Ypres Offensive that summer. On 7 May 22 RF received a draft of 118 partially trained men, though some of the battalion's wounded were among them. Lieutenant-Col Barker received a Bar to his DSO for his work at Oppy. From 23 to 28 May the battalion – organised as two companies, as were all those in 99th Bde – took over battered trenches in the Arleux Loop, facing Fresnoy, which the Germans had recaptured. It began patrolling – three privates of 22nd RF found themselves trapped in No man's land, and stayed out for three days observing the enemy positions until they could get back. After a second tour in the Arleux Loop the battalion went to Bray for training. On 20 June the division was transferred to the Béthune sector, with 99th Bde at Cambrin, where the battalions rotated between front, support and reserve lines. Although there were no major attacks, there were frequent raids and patrols, while specialists such as bombers and Lewis gunners went on training courses. On 26 August 99th Bde marched to Beuvry and went into divisional reserve.[52][53]
After a final tour in the Cambrin trenches from. 2 to 5 October, 22nd RF was sent to Raimbert, near Béthune, where it was greatly reinforced (304 men arriving between 3 and 24 October) and underwent intensive training ready for future operations. During this period it formed the 'Tump-Line Platoon' of older men of less fighting value, who specialised as carrying parties. On 8 November the battalion was moved to Herzeele, near Ypres, and training continued, but the Ypres offensive was ending. On 18 November Lt-Col Barker was promoted to command a brigade in 1st Division and Maj Phythian-Adams, an original member of the battalion, was promoted to succeed him.[54]
Cambrai
On 20 November Third Army launched a surprise attack with tanks towards Cambrai. This succeeded in breaching the Hindenburg Line, but heavy fighting continued in Bourlon Wood. On the evening of 26 November 2nd Division relieved units of 36th (Ulster) Division astride the Bapaume–Cambrai road. 22nd RF had its battalion HQ in the captured Hindenburg Support Line, with A and B Companies north of the road in Kangaroo Trench, and C and D just east of the Canal du Nord. The following evening the battalion was ordered to relieve the exhausted 186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade in Bourlon Wood. Leaving B Company in Kangaroo Trench, the battalion went forward, arriving in the wood at 04.30 on 28 November and formed a defensive flank to 186th Bde's area. It stayed there all day under continuous shellfire. When it was withdrawn at 21.00 it had lost 3 officers wounded, 7 ORs killed and another 34 wounded. Meanwhile 22nd RF's positions in 99th Bde area had been filled b y 17th RF, so the 22nd was temporarily under 5th Bde when a massive German counter-attack came in on the morning of 30 November. 22nd RF went up through the German barrage to the Canal du Nord, taking up position on the west bank at Lock 6, having lost only 7 wounded in the process. In the evening the battalion was moved further north along the canal to the Bapaume–Cambrai road crossing. On 1 December the adjoining 17th Middlesex Regiment sent up an SOS flare as they were about to be attacked. The left company of 22nd RF sent over a Lewis gun team and all the bombs they could spare, and the Tump-Line Platoon brought forward many more boxes of bombs. 5th Brigade ordered the battalion to widen and consolidate the front it was holding, and then it was passed to the command of 6th Bde. Half of C Company were sent across to assist 1st King's (Liverpool Regiment), which returned after the crisis had passed. Later two companies were sent to relieve the hard-pressed 13th Essex east of the canal, and one company to 2nd Highland Light Infantry in Kangaroo Trench, leaving a single company in position. One of the companies east of the canal was assigned to Canal trench, a sap pointing towards the enemy and thus vulnerable to attack from either side. With an attack expected next morning, 22nd RF worked to strengthen Canal trench, putting out wire to channel attackers into the fields of fire, while the Tump-Line Platoon carried up over 200 boxes of bombs and ammunition. Additional Lewis gun and bombing posts were also established on the canal bank. The attack came in at 17.15 on 2 December with heavy shelling, and small enemy parties trying to work down either side of Canal Trench. Those on the east side were caught by the Lewis guns and dispersed. It took longer to disperse the other group with bombs and Lewis guns. All was quiet by 18.30, and the battalion continued working to strengthen the position, having sustained perhaps 15 casualties. There was no attack on 3 December and the battalion was withdrawn from its exposed positions on the night of 4/5 December, though the defenders of the sap head had to fight off another attack before the withdrawal was complete, the battalion finally getting away unobserved by the enemy. From 30 November to 5 December the battalion had lost 4 officers wounded, 6 ORs killed, 70 wounded and 1 missing. Lieutenant-Col Adams was later awarded the DSO.[16][17][55][56][57][58]
22nd Royal Fusiliers had fought its last major action. It withdrew to Hermies, where Third Army was establishing a stronger defence line for the winter having abandoned the dangerous Bourlon salient. On 13 December the battalion moved to defences on the bank of the Canal d Nord, beating off an enemy bombing attack two days later. It then went back into support and later into reserve. After a further tour in the Canal du Nord positions 26–30 December, 22nd RF spent most of January 1918 in a hutted camp at Barastre. On 24 January 1918 the battalion's former CO, Brig-Gen Barker, returned to take command of 99th Bde.[16][17][59][60]
Disbandment
'The 22nd Battalion never lost a yard of trench or failed their comrades in the day of battle'
Brig-Gen R. Barnett Barker on the disbandment of the battalion.[6][61]
By early 1918 the BEF was suffering a manpower crisis. Brigades were reduced from four to three battalions, and surplus war-formed battalions were broken up to provide reinforcements for others. As the weakest battalion in 2nd Division, and consistently short of reinforcements, 22nd RF was one of those selected for disbandment, which was carried out on 5 February. Fifteen officers and 309 ORs (including most of the original 'K' men) were posted to 23rd RF in 99th Bde, and 14 officers and 274 ORs to 24th RF in 5th Bde. Brigadier-Gen Barker took as many officers and men as he could into 99th Bde HQ, and Lt-Col Phythian-Adams went to command Second Army School. A number of junior officers applied for transfer to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). Both 23rd and 24th RF were later heavily engaged in defending against the German spring offensive of March 1918, in which Brig-Gen Barker was killed by shellfire on 24 March along with his staff captain, Capt Edward Bell. Their bodies were taken back through the chaos of the 'Great Retreat' by a group of men from his old battalion, who buried them at Albert.[3][5][7][16][17][61][62][63]
Total casualties for the battalion appear to have been 90 officers and 2230 ORs, of whom 18–20 officers and between 398 and 440 ORs died. Others were killed after their transfer to other units.[64][65][66]
Commanders
The following commanded the battalion during its service:[4][13][54]
Lt-Col Archibald Innes, DSO, from raising to August 1915 (transferred to 27th RF)
Lt-Col W.J. Phythian-Adams, DSO, 18 November 1917 to disbandment
Other notable members
H.H. Munro, the humorous writer 'Saki', enlisted in King Edward's Horse, became a lance-sergeant in 22nd RF; killed at the Quadrilateral 14 November 1916.[64][67]
Frederick William Palmer, awarded the VC for his action at Miraunont on 16 February 1917, was later commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant, and transferred to the RFC when 22nd RF was disbanded.[6][39][46][68]
Memorials
The Kensington Battalions' War Memorial outside St Mary Abbotts, Kensington High Street.Royal Fusiliers War Memorial on High Holborn.
The 22nd Royal Fusiliers (Kensington) and the 13th London Regiment (Princess Louise's Kensingtons) share a war memorial in front of St Mary Abbots Church in Kensington High Street. It was unveiled on 1 July 1922 in the presence of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll and Lt-Gen Sir Francis Lloyd (who originally suggested merging the Kensington and Colonial battalions). One face of the plinth lists the following engagements for the 22nd RF: 'VIMY RIDGE DELVILLE WOOD & GUILLEMONT/ THE SOMME 1916 BEAUMONT HAMEL & SERRE THE ANCRE/ GREVILLERS MIRAUMONT OPPY WOOD CAMBRAI'.[69][70]
In the Resurrection Chapel within St Mary Abbots is a wooden battlefield cross originally erected at Oppy Wood as a memorial to the 28 men who died there between 29 April and 3 May 1917. It was replaced by a permanent memorial in 1929 and later placed in the church. It was rededicated in 2014.[66]
The 22nd Battalion is listed on the plinth of the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial at Holborn Bar in London, which is dedicated to the almost 22,000 men of the regiment who died in World War I.[71]
Footnotes
↑ A lightly fictionalised account of the 23 May action, No 8 Platoon, in which the salient facts are substantially accurate, was written by H.E. Harvey, DCM, MM, of 22nd RF.[25]
Notes
↑ War Office Instructions No 32 (6 August) and No 37 (7 August).
The Public Schools Battalions were a group of Pals battalions of the British Army during World War I. They were raised in 1914 as part of Kitchener's Army and were originally recruited exclusively from former public schoolboys. When the battalions were taken over by the British Army they became variously the 16th (Service) Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment and the 18th–21st (Service) Battalions of the Royal Fusiliers. However, Kitchener's Army was faced with a dire shortage of officers and so 'young gentlemen'— public schoolboys and university graduates, including many of those who had enlisted in the Public Schools Battalions — were encouraged to apply for commissions. The battalions' depleted ranks were made up with ordinary volunteers and although they retained the Public Schools titles, their exclusive nature was doomed. Two battalions remained to serve on the Western Front: the original battalion was all but destroyed on the first day of the Somme. After hard service both battalions were disbanded in February 1918 before the end of the war.
The Barnsley Pals were two 'Pals battalions' formed as part of 'Kitchener's Army' during World War I. Raised by local initiative in the town of Barnsley in the West Riding of Yorkshire and recruited largely from coalminers, they became the 13th and 14th (Service) Battalions of the local York and Lancaster Regiment. After almost two years of training, the battalions suffered heavy casualties in a disastrous attack on the village of Serre on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. They continued to serve on the Western Front, including the Battle of Arras (1917). Combined into a single battalion in early in 1918, the Barnsley Pals were reduced to a remnant during the German spring offensive, but the battalion was rebuilt to participate in the final victorious Hundred Days Offensive.
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98th Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Army created to command 'Kitchener's Army' units during World War I. It served on the Western Front from 1916, seeing action on the Somme, at Arras and Ypres, during the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.
The 173rd Brigade was a formation of the British Army's Territorial Force that was raised in 1915. It was assigned to the 58th Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. Its number was used for a deception formation during the Second World War.
The 9th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment was an infantry battalion of the British Army. Part of the Volunteer Force, later the Territorial Force, the battalion was part of the Middlesex Regiment and recruited from the north-western suburbs of London. It served as infantry in the Mesopotamian campaign during World War I and as an air defence regiment during and after World War II.
The 4th Battalion, London Regiment was a Volunteer unit of Britain's Territorial Army (TA) recruited from East London. During World War I it raised four battalions, which carried out garrison duty in Malta and Egypt, served at Gallipoli and against the Senussi, and saw a great deal of action on the Western Front, notably in the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient in 1916, at Bullecourt in 1917 and at Oppy Wood and Chipilly Ridge in 1918. During World War II it served as an anti-aircraft regiment in the Battle of France and during the Blitz in 1940 and in North West Europe in 1944–45. It continued in the TA until 1961.
The Sunderland Rifles was a Volunteer unit of the British Army formed in 1860. It went on to become a Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry (DLI) in the Territorial Force and saw action as infantry and pioneers in some of the bloodiest actions on the Western Front during World War I. Between the wars it became an air defence unit, serving during World War II in The Blitz and the campaign in North West Europe, when it had a special role in the Rhine crossing. Postwar it continued in the Territorial Army in the air defence role until 1975, when its successor unit reverted to infantry.
The Bradford Rifles was a Volunteer unit of the British Army formed in 1859. It went on to become a battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment in the Territorial Force and saw action on the Western Front during World War I. Between the wars it converted into an air defence unit, serving during World War II first as a searchlight regiment defending West Yorkshire and later as a garrison battalion in North West Europe. Postwar it continued in the Territorial Army in the air defence role until 1955.
The 1st Battalion, London Regiment was a volunteer unit of the British Army under various titles from its foundation in 1859 in Bloomsbury, London, by the author of Tom Brown's Schooldays. It served in Malta, Gallipoli, Egypt and on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II it saw service in Iraq, North Africa and Italy. It amalgamated with other Territorial units of the Royal Fusiliers in the 1960s.
The 2nd Battalion, London Regiment was a volunteer infantry battalion of the British Army under various titles from 1860 to 1961. It served in Malta, Gallipoli, Egypt and on the Western Front during World War I. In World War II it saw service in Iraq, North Africa and Italy. After a postwar spell as an air defence unit, it reverted to the infantry role, and merged into the Territorials of the Royal Fusiliers.
The 1st Durham Rifle Volunteers, later the 5th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry, was a part-time unit of the British Army from 1860 to the 1950s. Beginning from small independent corps of the Volunteer Force recruited in County Durham and Teesside, it became part of the Territorial Force and served as infantry in some of the bloodiest actions of the First World War. Later it was converted to anti-aircraft units that served during the Second World War both in Home Defence and in North-West Europe. Its successor units continued in the air defence role in the postwar Territorial Army until 1975.
The 10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, was an infantry unit of Britain's Territorial Force from 1908 to 1920. Based in Ravenscourt Park, West London, its part-time soldiers saw service at Gallipoli, in Palestine, and on the Western Front during the First World War. After the war the battalion was amalgamated into a unit of the new Royal Corps of Signals.
The 5th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool) was a volunteer unit of the King's Regiment (Liverpool) of the British Army. It traced its heritage to the raising in 1859 of a number rifle volunteer corps in Liverpool, which were soon consolidated into the 1st Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVC). It was affiliated to the King's Regiment (Liverpool), and became its 1st Volunteer Battalion of the regiment. In 1908 the battalion was transferred to the new Territorial Force as the 5th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool). It saw active service on the Western Front during World War I, as did its second line second-line battalion, and even a garrison battalion. Before World War II it again formed a second line battalion. Both served in home defence, but the 5th King's landed in Normandy on D Day as part of a specialist beach group 1939. When the Territorial Army was reduced in 1967, the 5th King's became a company of the Lancastrian Volunteers.
The Hull Rifles, later the 4th Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment, was a unit of Britain's Volunteer Force first raised in Kingston upon Hull in 1859. During the First World War it served on the Western front, seeing a great deal of action at Ypres, the Somme, Arras, and in the German spring offensive, when it was virtually destroyed. Its 2nd Line battalion garrisoned Bermuda for much of the war. During the Second World War the 4th Battalion was captured at the Battle of Gazala, but its wartime duplicate unit fought on through the Western Desert, Tunisia and Sicily, and then landed in Normandy on D Day. The battalion served in the postwar Territorial Army until 1960, and its successors in today's Army Reserve continue in Hull.
The 8th (Service) Battalion of the East Yorkshire Regiment, was a unit of 'Kitchener's Army' raised shortly after the outbreak of World War I. Following a short period of training it went to the Western Front with other Kitchener battalions and endured a disastrous initiation at the Battle of Loos. It was then transferred to the experienced 3rd Division and fought with it on the Somme, at Arras and Ypres. After heavy casualties the battalion was disbanded early in 1918.
The 1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers, later 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, was a Welsh unit of the British Army's auxiliary forces. First raised in 1860, it fought as infantry at Gallipoli), in Egypt and Palestine during the First World War. Converted to the anti-tank role, it fought in the Battle of France, the Western Desert and Italy in the Second World War. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until amalgamated with a neighbouring unit in 1956.
The 2nd Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Rifles) was an auxiliary regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England during the French Revolutionary War. It later became part of the King's (Liverpool Regiment). Although primarily intended for home defence, its battalions served in Ireland and saw active service during the Second Boer War. After conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms one of its battalions was among just a handful of SR units to see combat during World War I, fighting in many actions on the Western Front from early 1915 until the Armistice in 1918. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.
The Royal London Militia was an auxiliary regiment organised in the City of London during the French Revolutionary War from the former London Trained Bands. It later became part of the Royal Fusiliers. After conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms it was one of just a handful of SR units to see combat during World War I, fighting in many actions on the Western Front from 1916 until the Armistice in 1918. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.
The 12th (Service) Battalion, Manchester Regiment, was a unit of 'Kitchener's Army' formed immediately after the outbreak of the First World War. It saw action in the Ypres Salient in 1915–16, on the Somme in 1916, including actions at Mametz Wood and the Battle of Delville Wood, and in the Arras Offensive. It was then amalgamated with the dismounted cavalry of the Manchester-based Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry (DLOY) to become the 12th (DLOY) Battalion, Manchester Regiment. It continued serving on the Western Front until the Armistice with Germany, including the Battle of Passchendaele, the German Spring Offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.
References
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-38-X.
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26), London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
Derek Boorman, At the going down of the sun: British First World War Memorials, York: William Sessions, The Ebor Press, 1988.
Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-02-7/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-615-1.
Capt Cyril Falls, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Vol I, The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battle of Arras, London: Macmillan, 1940/London: Imperial War Museum & Battery Press/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-722-0.
G.I.S. Inglis, The Kensington Battalion: Never Lost a Yard of Trench, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84884-247-2.
Capt Wilfred Miles, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916, Vol II, 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme, London: Macmillan, 1938/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-89839-169-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84574-721-3.
Capt Wilfred Miles, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Vol III, The Battle of Cambrai, London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574724-4.
Everard Wyrall, The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918, Vol 2, London: Nelson, 1922/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-84342-334-8.
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