3D textiles

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inBloom 3D printed outfit

3D textiles are three-dimensional structures made with different manufacturing methods such as weaving, knitting, braiding, or nonwoven, or made with alternative technologies. 3D textiles are produced with three planar geometry, opposed to 2D textiles that are made on two planes. The weave in 2D textiles is perpendicular. The yarn is fed along two axis: length (x-axis) and width (y-axis), while 3D textiles also have a perpendicular weave, but they have an extra yarn with an angular feeding (z-axis) which creates thickness. [1] [ clarification needed ] 3D weaves are orthogonal weave structures, multilayer structures, and angle interlocks. 3D textiles have more manufacturing opportunities, various properties, and a broader scope of applications. These textiles have a wide range of applications, but they are most commonly used where performance is the primary criterion, such as technical textiles. Composite materials, manufacturing is one of the significant areas of using 3D textiles. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

3D structures have two kinds of structural formations, i.e., hollow and solid. [7]

Types

3D fabrics can be formed with 3D weaving, 3D knitting, 3D braiding, non-woven methods and with many newer technologies, such as 3D printing, etc.

3D Fabric typeAdvantage and disadvantagesReason
3D Woven fabricsFree of delamination,Multilayered, and low in plane properties.Because of extra strength provided by the z-yarn in the through thickness dimension.
3D knitting fabricsLow fiber volume fractionBecause of looped structure.
3D Braided fabricsFree of delamination,Multilayered, and low transverse properties.Because of interlacement of interwine type
3D Nonwoven fabricsLacks mechanical propertiesBecause of short fibers

3D weaving

There are several types of 3D woven fabrics that are commercially available; they can be classified according to their weaving technique. [8]

  1. 3D woven interlock fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a traditional 2D weaving loom, using proper weave design and techniques, it could either have the weaver/z-yarn going through all the thickness of the fabric or from layer to layer.
  2. 3D orthogonal woven fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a special 3D weaving loom. The process to form such fabric was patented by Mohamed and Zhang. [9] The architecture of the 3D orthogonal woven fabric consists of three different sets of yarns; warp yarns (y-yarn), weft yarns (x-yarn), and (z-yarn). The Z - yarn is placed in the through-thickness direction of the preform. In 3D orthogonal woven fabrics there is no interlacing between the warp and weft yarns and they are straight and perpendicular to each other. On the other hand, z-yarns combine the warp and the weft layers by interlacing (moving up and down) along the y-direction over the weft yarn. Interlacing occurs on the top and the bottom surface of the fabric. [10] [11]

Advantages

  • 3D orthogonal woven fabrics have less or no yarn crimp (the difference in length of yarn, before and after weaving); therefore, mechanical properties of fibers are almost fully used in warp and weft directions. Thus, it could benefit from the maximum load carrying capacity of high performance fibers in these directions. [12]
  • There is no need for layering to create a part, because the single fabric has a considerable thickness that provides the full three-dimensional reinforcement. [13]

3D knitting

3D knitting is a method of forming an article of clothing directly from the yarns. [14] Typical examples are socks and one piece tights. 3D knitted fabrics are also used for the production of certain reinforcement structures. [7] Since 2017, Uniqlo has been offering fully 3D knit garments including T-shirts and dresses through a partnership with Shima Seiki. [15] Other companies and designers have been exploring this technology, including for knit-on-demand or customized garments. [16] Another technology that can be considered 3D knit is spacer knit. [17] This technique creates a flat textile that has a sponge-like character.

3D braiding

Nonwoven

Non-woven 3D fabrics are made of short fibers (natural and cut filaments of synthetic yarn). They are comparatively less successful. [18]

3D printing

Additive manufacturing

Fabric manufacturing by three-dimensional printer employs additive manufacturing, also known as additive layer manufacturing (ALM), a CAD-aided manufacturing technique that builds the object layer by layer. [19]

3D printing has entered the world of clothing, with fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed bikinis, shoes, dresses, bags and pouches.

Bikini

"N-12" is a nylon bikini that was 3D printed by Shapeways. [20] [21] [22]

Footwear and accessories

Nike is using 3D printing to prototype and manufacture the 2012 Vapor Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football, and New Balance is 3D manufacturing custom-fit shoes for athletes. [21] ''Vapor Laser Talon boots'' has 3D-printed footplates. [23] ''Futurecraft STRUNG'' is another 3D printed variant belongs to Adidas. [24]

Dresses

Though very expensive, the 3D printer also printed a dress. Dita Von Teese wore a 3D printed gown with a fibonacci sequence that was designed by Michael Schmidt and the architect, Francis Bitonti. [25] [26] [21]

Bags and Pouches

3D printing is increasingly utilized in the design and production of bags and pouches. Notable examples include XYZBAG, an Italian brand specializing in personalized 3D-printed bags, and JK3D, a company fabricating various 3D-printed products. ASTERYAM, a US-based startup, focuses on creating unique pouches and bags using 3D-printed chainmail fabric.

Auxetic textiles

Auxetic materials are materials which expand when stretched. They have the ability to be thicker when stretched. [27] Fibers, yarns, and fabrics with auxetic properties are known as auxetic textiles. [28] [29] There are certain types of needle-punched nonwovens. [30] [31] 3D printers are also helpful in making auxetic materials for textiles. These fabrics have advanced properties that are useful in making various composite materials and high-performance applications. [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

Use

Auxetic textiles are used in protective clothing, upholstery, sports, filtration, body armor, bulletproof vests (because of shock absorbing properties), etc. [37] [38]

Applications

Close-up of a piece of textile-reinforced concrete Textilbeton1.jpeg
Close-up of a piece of textile-reinforced concrete

Other applications of 3D textiles are: [2] [39]

Composite materials

3D textiles are primarily used in manufacturing textile structural composites that are usable in military and construction. [40]

Medical textiles

3D textiles in medical textiles contribute to the following sectors: [41]

Wound care

In treating a wound over time by creating a favorable environment for healing, using both direct and indirect approaches, as well as preventing skin disintegration. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics. [41] [42]

Vascular grafting

Tissue engineering

Implants

Medical textiles use tubular fabrics with carefully chosen materials that are biocompatible, nonallergic, and nontoxic. For example, Dyneema, PTFE, Polyester, and Teflon are used for implants. The material type varies depending on the implant area; for example, PTFE is preferred for stent implants due to its nonstick properties, while polyolefin is used for mesh implants. [43] [44]

  • Aerospace and automobile industry
  • Shoes
  • Filteration
  • Construction industry

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Textile</span> Various fiber-based materials

Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting and non-woven are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the material needs for versatile applications, from simple daily clothing to bulletproof jackets, spacesuits, and doctor's gowns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Worsted</span> Fabrics manufactured from worsted yarns

Worsted is a high-quality type of wool yarn, the fabric made from this yarn, and a yarn weight category. The name derives from Worstead, a village in the English county of Norfolk. That village, together with North Walsham and Aylsham, formed a manufacturing centre for yarn and cloth in the 12th century, when pasture enclosure and liming rendered the East Anglian soil too rich for the older agrarian sheep breeds. In the same period, many weavers from the County of Flanders moved to Norfolk. "Worsted" yarns/fabrics are distinct from woollens : the former is considered stronger, finer, smoother, and harder than the latter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woven fabric</span> Textiles formed by weaving

Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics are often created on a loom, and made of many threads woven on a warp and a weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both, such as cotton and polyester.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piqué (weaving)</span> Woven fabric with a raised rib

Piqué, or marcella, refers to a weaving style, normally used with cotton yarn, which is characterized by raised parallel cords or geometric designs in the fabric. Piqué fabrics vary from semi-sheer dimity to heavy weight waffle cloth. Twilled cotton and corded cotton are close relatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warp knitting</span> Manufacturing process

Warp knitting is defined as a loop-forming process in which the yarn is fed into the knitting zone, parallel to the fabric selvage. It forms vertical loops in one course and then moves diagonally to knit the next course. Thus the yarns zigzag from side to side along the length of the fabric. Each stitch in a course is made by many different yarns. Each stitch in one wale is made by several different yarns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Knitted fabric</span> Textile material made using knitting techniques, often by machine knitting

Knitted fabric is a textile that results from knitting, the process of inter-looping of yarns or inter-meshing of loops. Its properties are distinct from woven fabric in that it is more flexible and can be more readily constructed into smaller pieces, making it ideal for socks and hats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selvage</span> Narrow edge of a woven fabric parallel to its length

A selvage or selvedge is a "self-finished" edge of a piece of fabric which keeps it from unraveling and fraying. The term "self-finished" means that the edge does not require additional finishing work, such as hem or bias tape, to prevent fraying.

The manufacture of textiles is one of the oldest of human technologies. To make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fiber from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving, which turns it into cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. For decoration, the process of colouring yarn or the finished material is dyeing. For more information of the various steps, see textile manufacturing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Units of textile measurement</span> Systems for measuring textiles

Textile fibers, threads, yarns and fabrics are measured in a multiplicity of units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finishing (textiles)</span> Manufacturing process

In textile manufacturing, finishing refers to the processes that convert the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material and more specifically to any process performed after dyeing the yarn or fabric to improve the look, performance, or "hand" (feel) of the finish textile or clothing. The precise meaning depends on context.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolt (cloth)</span> Roll of fabric

A bolt is a piece of cloth woven on a loom or created by a knitting machine, as it is processed, stored and/or marketed. Consequently, its dimensions are highly variable – flexible and dependent upon the manufacturing, machinery, quantity, size, thickness and quality of the product. It is a unit used in manufacturing, transport and inventory. It is also used as a descriptor for wallpaper, which uses different fabrication machinery. Being encompassing, it is by its nature a generic and ambiguous term of convenience and context, used to describe fabric and wallpaper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waffle fabric</span> Type of woven or knit fabric

Waffle fabric, also known as honeycomb fabric, has raised threads that form small rectangles. It can be made by either weaving or knitting. Waffle weave is a further exploitation of plain weave and twill weave which produces a three-dimensional effect. The combination of warp and weft floats creates the structure. It is woven partly on tabby areas surrounded by ridges of long floats. The weave consists of warp and weft floats arranged around a plain weave center. The warp and weft threads are interlaced and floating in a way that creates small square ridges and hollows in the fabric in a regular pattern.

Three-dimensional composites use fiber preforms constructed from yarns or tows arranged into complex three-dimensional structures. These can be created from a 3D weaving process, a 3D knitting process, a 3D braiding process, or a 3D lay of short fibers. A resin is applied to the 3D preform to create the composite material. Three-dimensional composites are used in highly engineered and highly technical applications in order to achieve complex mechanical properties. Three-dimensional composites are engineered to react to stresses and strains in ways that are not possible with traditional composite materials composed of single direction tows, or 2D woven composites, sandwich composites or stacked laminate materials.

Dimensional stability pertains to a fabric's ability to maintain its initial size and shape even after undergoing wear and care, which is a desirable property. Textile manufacturing is based on the conversion of fiber into yarn, yarn into fabric, includes spinning, weaving, or knitting, etc. The fabric passes through many inevitable changes and mechanical forces during this journey. When the products are immersed in water, the water acts as a relaxing medium, and all stresses and strains are relaxed and the fabric tries to come back to its original state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greige goods</span> Woven or knitted fabrics which are not yet dyed or finished.

Greige goods are loom state woven fabrics, or unprocessed knitted fabrics. Greige goods undergo many subsequent processes, for instance, dyeing, printing, bleaching, and finishing, prior to further converting to finished goods such as clothing, or other textile products. "Grey fabrics" is another term to refer to unfinished woven or knitted fabrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automotive textile</span> Textiles used in a variety of applications in the automotive industry

An Automotive textile is a technical textile used in the transportation and automotive industries. The choice of type of automotive textile focuses on aspects of safety, comfort, and aesthetics. These textiles have variety of applications in the automotive industry, such as interior fittings, safety features, sound insulation, and tire reinforcement.

Malimo is a textile manufacturing technique in which warp and weft yarns are sewn together. The method is also referred to as "stitch-bonding." It was invented in Eastern Germany in the 1950s. Malimo is used in a variety of applications, including apparel fabrics, wind turbine wings and isolation fabrics, and aerospace.

A blend is a mixture of two or more fibers. In yarn spinning, different compositions, lengths, diameters, or colors may be combined to create a blend. Blended textiles are fabrics or yarns produced with a combination of two or more types of different fibers, or yarns to obtain desired traits and aesthetics. Blending is possible at various stages of textile manufacturing. The term, blend, refers to spun fibers or a fabric composed of such fibers. There are several synonymous terms: a combination yarn is made up of two strands of different fibers twisted together to form a ply; a mixture or mixed cloth refers to blended cloths in which different types of yarns are used in warp and weft sides.

Delaine was a kind of mixed cloth with cotton warp and wool in the weft. Delaines have many variations such as made of undyed yarns, and also printed or piece dyed. Delaine was a type of cloth used to manufacture women's dresses that was traded in the nineteenth century under many names to suit importers and traders. Moreover, it appeared that the plaintiffs' goods differed from delaines in various other respects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical textiles</span> Textiles for medical and healthcare use

Medical textiles are numerous fiber-based materials intended for medical purposes. Medical textile is a sector of technical textiles that emphasizes fiber-based products used in health care applications such as prevention, care, and hygiene.

References

  1. ↑ Chen, Xiaogang (2015-05-28). Advances in 3D Textiles. Elsevier. p. 2. ISBN   978-1-78242-219-8.
  2. 1 2 Chen, Xiaogang (2015-05-28). Advances in 3D Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1–12. ISBN   978-1-78242-219-8.
  3. ↑ Paul, Roshan (2019-04-29). High Performance Technical Textiles. John Wiley & Sons. p. 374. ISBN   978-1-119-32501-7.
  4. ↑ Hu, Jinlian (2008-09-09). 3-D Fibrous Assemblies: Properties, Applications and Modelling of Three-Dimensional Textile Structures. Elsevier. pp. 34, 57, 60, 102, 128. ISBN   978-1-84569-498-2.
  5. ↑ Chen, X.; Potiyaraj, P. (1999-09-01). "CAD/CAM of Orthogonal and Angle-Interlock Woven Structures for Industrial Applications". Textile Research Journal. 69 (9): 648–655. doi:10.1177/004051759906900905. ISSN   0040-5175. S2CID   111178802.
  6. ↑ Harris, Bryan (2003-10-31). Fatigue in Composites: Science and Technology of the Fatigue Response of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics. Elsevier. p. 297. ISBN   978-1-85573-857-7.
  7. 1 2 Au, K. F. (2011-02-26). Advances in Knitting Technology. Elsevier. p. 141. ISBN   978-0-85709-062-1.
  8. ↑ N. Khokar, "3D Fabric-forming Processes: Distinguishing between 2D-weaving, 3Dweaving and an Unspecified Non-interlacing Process," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 97–106, 1996.
  9. ↑ M. H. Mohamed and Z.-H. Zhang, "Method of Forming Variable Cross-Sectional Shaped Three-Dimensional Fabrics". US Patent 5085252, 4 February 1992.
  10. ↑ N. Khokar, "3D-weaving: Theory and Practice," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 193–207, 2001.
  11. ↑ N. Khokar, "Noobing: A Nonwoven 3D Fabric-forming process explained," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 52–74, 2002.
  12. ↑ Mohamed, Mansour H.; Wetzel, Kyle K. (2006). "3D Woven Carbon/Glass Hybrid Spar Cap for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 128 (4): 562–573. doi:10.1115/1.2349543.
  13. ↑ P. Schwartz, "Structure and Mechanics of Textile Fibre Assemblies", Woodhead publishing Ltd. 2008.
  14. ↑ "3D knitting: after 8,000 years a new dimension in weaving and spinning". The Guardian. 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  15. ↑ "Fast Retailing Launches Innovation Factory Co., Ltd. - Enters Joint Venture with Shima Seiki Mfg., Ltd. | FAST RETAILING CO., LTD". www.fastretailing.com. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
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  17. ↑ Ray, Sadhan Chandra (2012-01-01), Ray, Sadhan Chandra (ed.), "24 - Production of spacer fabrics in knitting", Fundamentals and Advances in Knitting Technology, Woodhead Publishing India, pp. 283–292, doi:10.1533/9780857095558.283, ISBN   978-0-85709-108-6 , retrieved 2023-11-06
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  20. ↑ Pappas, Stephanie (21 May 2013). "The 10 Weirdest Things Created By 3D Printing". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  21. 1 2 3 "3D Printed Clothing Becoming a Reality". 2013-11-01. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  22. ↑ "World's first 3D printed bikini heads for the beach". New Atlas. 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  23. ↑ "Nike Vapor Laser Talon 3D printed football boot studs by Nike". Dezeen. 2013-03-04. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  24. ↑ "Adidas reveals Futurecraft STRUNG, the "ultimate" 3D printed running shoe". 3D Printing Industry. 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  25. ↑ "Revealing Dita Von Teese in a Fully Articulated 3D Printed Gown - Shapeways Blog". www.shapeways.com. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
  26. ↑ "3D-printed dress for Dita Von Teese". Dezeen. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2021-06-25.
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  31. ↑ Rawal, Amit; Sharma, Sumit; Kumar, Vijay; Rao, P.V. Kameswara; Saraswat, Harshvardhan; Jangir, Nitesh Kumar; Kumar, Rajat; Hietel, Dietmar; Dauner, Martin (2019-01-01). "Micromechanical analysis of nonwoven materials with tunable out-of-plane auxetic behavior". Mechanics of Materials. 129: 236–245. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2018.11.004. ISSN   0167-6636. S2CID   139246418.
  32. ↑ Hu, Hong; Zhang, Minglonghai; Liu, Yanping (2019-07-11). Auxetic Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 337, 340. ISBN   978-0-08-102212-2.
  33. ↑ Grimmelsmann, N.; Meissner, H.; Ehrmann, A. (2016). "3D printed auxetic forms on knitted fabrics for adjustable permeability and mechanical properties". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 137 (1): 012011. Bibcode:2016MS&E..137a2011G. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/137/1/012011 . ISSN   1757-899X.
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  41. 1 2 Eriksson, S.; Sandsjö, L. (2015-01-01). "Three-dimensional fabrics as medical textiles". Advances in 3D Textiles. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: 305–340. doi:10.1016/B978-1-78242-214-3.00012-7. ISBN   9781782422143.
  42. ↑ Rajendran, S. (2018-09-20). Advanced Textiles for Wound Care. Woodhead Publishing. p. 185. ISBN   978-0-08-102193-4.
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  44. ↑ Chen, Xiaogang (2015-05-28). Advances in 3D Textiles. Elsevier. p. 324. ISBN   978-1-78242-219-8.
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