Medical textiles

Last updated
Health workers in PPE kits PPE kit.jpg
Health workers in PPE kits

Medical textiles are numerous fiber-based materials intended for medical purposes. Medical textile is a sector of technical textiles that emphasizes fiber-based products used in health care applications such as prevention, care, and hygiene. [1]

Contents

The spectrum of applications of medical textiles ranges from simple cotton bandages to advanced tissue engineering. [2] Common examples of products made from medical textiles include dressings, implants, surgical sutures, certain medical devices, healthcare textiles, diapers, menstrual pads, wipes, and barrier fabrics. [3]

Medical textiles include many fiber types, yarns, fabrics, non-woven materials, woven, braided, as well as knitted fabrics. [4] Physical and chemical alterations of fiber architectures, the use of functional finishes, and the production of stimuli-sensitive materials are major approaches for developing innovative medical textiles. [3]

Advances in textile manufacturing and medical technologies have made medical healthcare an important industry in textiles. [3] Textiles are used in the production of a variety of medical devices, including replacements for damaged, injured, or non-functioning organs. [5] The manufacture of medical textiles is a growing sector. There are many reasons for its growth, such as new technology in both textiles and medicine; ageing populations; growing populations; changes in lifestyles; and longer life expectancies. [6] : 136  Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic generated higher demand for certain medical textile applications [such as PPE, medical gowns and face masks], and there were shortages worldwide. [7] [8] [9] Even China, the world's largest manufacturer of such applications, has struggled to keep up with demand. [10]

History

Achilles bandaging Patroclus. Tondo of an Attic red-figure kylix, ca. 500 BC, from Vulci. Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg
Achilles bandaging Patroclus. Tondo of an Attic red-figure kylix, ca. 500 BC, from Vulci.
Copper engraving of Doctor Schnabel (i.e., Dr. Beak), a plague doctor in seventeenth-century Rome, circa 1656 Paul Furst, Der Doctor Schnabel von Rom (coloured version).png
Copper engraving of Doctor Schnabel (i.e., Dr. Beak), a plague doctor in seventeenth-century Rome, circa 1656

Natural fibers have been used in medical applications since ancient times. [11] : 1, 2  The use of splints, bandages, and gauges is very old. [12] An ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, the Sushruta Samhita, categorises Kausheya under the "articles of bandaging." [13] The concept of personal protective equipment (PPE) for medical practitioners dates all the way back to the 17th century. Plague doctor costumes were intended to protect plague doctors from the disease during outbreaks of the Bubonic Plague in Europe. According to descriptions, the costumes were typically composed of heavy fabric or leather and was waxed. [14] [15]

Significance

California Governor Gavin Newsom speaks about PPE shortages and purchases in May 2020.

Medical textiles have a critical role in preserving human life. So, e.g., medical textile applications (PPE cover all, N95 masks), were in high demand and scarce supply during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in severe shortages. [7] [16] [8] Considering the shortage, in February 2020, the World Health Organization restricted the use of medical essentials such as PPE and masks, etc. to front-line workers only (PPE includes gowns, aprons, masks, gloves, medical masks, goggles, face shields, and respirators, i.e., N95 or FFP2). [17] PPE protects medical professionals from illness, infections [from virus or bacteria]. The PPE cloth acts as a barrier with the capacity to prevent contaminants from entering the body through respiratory secretions, blood, and bodily fluids. [18]

Masks can protect healthy people from illness by limiting the spread of respiratory droplets and aerosols. [19]

Types

Categories of fibers, fabrics and materials

There are four different groups of fibers, fabrics and materials used in medical textile products.

Types of fibers, fabrics and materials in different medical textile products [6]
CategoryMedical textile products
Extracorporeal devicesArtificial organs

such as lung, liver, and kidney, etc. [20]

Implantable materialsVascular grafts,

sutures, artificial joints, and ligaments. [6] : 148 

Non-implantable materialsDressing, bandages,

and plaster, etc.

Hygiene and healthcare productsClothing, surgical gowns,

bedding, and wipes, etc.

Different types of fibers and manufacturing systems are utilized for the production of the various medical textile products. [6]

Extracorporeal devices category

Extracorporeal devices are the artificial organs that remain outside the body while treating a patient. Extracorporeal devices are useful in hemodialysis and cardiac surgery. [20] [21]

Fiber or material typesExtracorporeal devices
Viscose (hollow type) Artificial liver [22]
Polyurethane Artificial heart [23]
PPLungs [22]

Implantable materials category

Implants are medical devices used to replace a missing biological structure, to sustain a damaged biological structure, or to improve an existing biological structure. In contrast to a transplant, which is biomedical tissue that has been transplanted, medical implants are man-made devices such as artificial ligaments and vascular grafts, etc. [6] : 148  [24]

Fiber or material typesManufacturing system employedImplantable materials [6] : 149 
Polyester, PolytetrafluoroethyleneWeaving, KnittingCardiovascular implants such as vascular grafts and heart valves
Silicone, Polyethylene, Polyoxymethylene Orthopedic implants such as artificial bones and joints
Polylactic acid, Polyglycolide, Collagen Monofilament or braidedBiodegradable surgical sutures
Steel, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyester, NylonMonofilament or braidedNon-biodegradable surgical sutures
Soft tissue implants such as the following:
Polyester, CarbonBraiding Ligaments
Low-density polyethylene Nonwoven Cartilage

Non-implantable materials category

Non-implantable materials are used externally and may or may not contact skin. For example, bandages, plaster, orthopedic belts, pressure garments, etc. [25] [6] : 147, 148 

Fiber or material typesManufacturing system employedNon-implantable materials [22] [6] : 141 to 148 
Nylon, Cotton, and SpandexKnitting and WeavingCompression bandages
Cotton, Viscose, Polyamide, and SpandexWeaving, Knitting, and NonwovenOrdinary bandages which are elastic or non-elastic
Cotton, Viscose, Polyurethane foam, Polypropylene, and PolyesterWeaving, NonwovenOrthopedic bandages
Cotton, ViscoseKnitting, WeavingGauges
Cotton, Viscose, Plastic films, Glass, Polypropylene, and PolyesterKnitting, Weaving, and NonwovenPlasters
Cotton, ViscoseNonwovenAbsorbent pads in wound care
Cotton, ChitosanWeavingAntimicrobial dressings [26] [27] [2] : 145–151 

Hygiene and healthcare products category

The term "hygiene and healthcare products" refers to a variety of materials used to maintain the hygiene, safety, and care of medical professionals and patients. [6] : 157  Surgical drapes, gowns, uniforms, clothing, caps, wipes, masks, and hospital bed linens are all included in this category [28]

Fiber typesManufacturing system employedHygiene and healthcare products [28]
Polyester, PolypropyleneNonwovenProtective clothes
Cotton, PolyesterWeavingUniforms
Polyester, Polypropylene, CottonWeaving, NonwovenMedical gowns
Polyester, Viscose, GlassNonwovenMasks
CottonWeavingSheets and Pillow covers
Polyester, CottonWeaving, KnittingBlankets
Polyester, Superabsorbent polymer NonwovenDiapers [28]

Human textiles

Human textiles refer to textiles that utilize human materials, including bioengineered yarns made from human cells, for tissue regeneration. Textiles manufactured from human tissue-based 'yarn' can be intricately woven, knitted, or braided and have the potential to contribute to various applications, ranging from simple biocompatible sutures to complex woven tissues for surgical repairs, thereby aiding in the healing process of injuries. Human textiles offer a potential solution to mitigate the drawbacks associated with foreign agents that may induce adverse side effects. [29]

Cell-Assembled extracellular Matrix (CAM)

The Cell-Assembled Extracellular matrix (CAM) is both biologically sound and resilient, allowing for large-scale production suitable for clinical applications utilizing regular, adult human fibroblasts. [29]

Foreign body reaction

In the medical field, most permanent synthetic biomaterials are considered foreign by the innate immune system. This can lead to a foreign body reaction when implanted. [29] [30]

Properties

Products made from medical textiles are specially engineered textile-based products used in medical applications. These products are used for prevention, care, and hygiene purposes. A combination of properties are considered while selecting the materials, which largely depends upon the particular use. The materials used in medical textile products must have the following properties: strength, softness, biocompatibility, elasticity, flexibility, nontoxicity, noncarcinogenic, non-allergenic, and air and water permeability. [6] : 136, 137 

Biotextiles are constructions made of textile fibers that are employed in both implantable and non-implant applications. Their performance is assessed according to their biofunctionality, biocompatibility, and biostability. For example, biostability in the presence of body fluids and cells. [31]

Material and technologies

Fibers

Overview

Medical devices are commonly made in whole or part from fibers. A medical device is defined as any device intended for medical purposes. It could be a machine, a reagent for use in the lab, software, an appliance, an instrument, or an implant. [32] For medical use, fiber selection is based on certain criteria of intended use. Primarily, fibers are chosen on the basis of their biodegradability or non-biodegradability. Other than biodegradability, strength, elasticity, and absorbency are also considered.

Natural fibers

Natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and viscose (a regenerated cellulosic fiber) are used in hygiene and healthcare products, as well as non-implantable materials. Polyester, nylon, polypropylene, glass, and carbon are all examples of synthetic fibers used in Medical textiles. [6] : 136  Fibers absorbed within three months by our biological system are considered biodegradable, and fibers that require more than six months to absorb are called non-biodegradable. These fibers are categorized as below: [6] : 136, 137 

BiodegradableNon-biodegradable
Fibers Cotton Polyester
Viscose Polypropylene
Polyamide Polytetrafluoroethylene
Polyurethane

PLA and PGA fibers

Sutures made from polyglycolic acid. These sutures are adsorbable and are degraded by the body over time. Polyglycolic acid suture ( PGA-Dexon) 01.JPG
Sutures made from polyglycolic acid. These sutures are adsorbable and are degraded by the body over time.

Polylactic acid, also called PLA, is a biodegradable, biosorbable or bioabsorbable polymer used in producing many type of implants such as naturally dissolving stents. [6] : 140  Polyglycolide or polyglycolic acid, also called PGA, is a biodegradable and thermoplastic polymer. [33] PGA suture is categorized as an absorbable synthetic braided multifilament. [34]

Other polymers

BiodegradableNon-biodegradable
Polymers Alginate
Collagen
Chitin
Chitosan

Recent developments

The term "medical textile" refers to various products made of textile materials (fiber, yarn, or fabric) that are used in the medical environment. Although both natural and synthetic fibers are used in medical textiles, properties such as modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and hardness are mostly fixed factors in natural fibers, and have proven to be more manageable in synthetic fibers. [11] : 2  Recent fiber developments have a significant impact on four primary areas of medical textiles: hygiene products, implants, non-implantable medical textiles, and extracorporeal medical textiles. [11]

Medical textiles serve as a bridge between biological sciences and engineering. [35] : xxxiii  The advancement of materials science and related research has resulted in the introduction of new fiber materials and manufacturing processes for the medical sector. As a result of new technologies such as 3D printing, electrospinning and melt blowing technology in textiles, medical professions now have access to a diverse choice of textile materials with varying designs and qualities. [3]

Melt blowing is a well-established technology for fabricating micro- and nanofibers, in which a polymer melt is extruded via small nozzles surrounded by a high-speed blowing gas. Melt-blown microfibers typically have a fiber diameter of 2–4 μm, but can be as small as 0.3–0.6 μm or as large as 15–20 μm. Melt blowing technology helps in producing filtering products such as N95 masks, and female hygiene products. [36] [37]

Medical textiles use tubular fabrics with carefully chosen materials that are biocompatible, nonallergic, and nontoxic. For example, Dyneema, PTFE, Polyester, and Teflon are used for implants. The material type varies depending on the implant area; for example, Polytetrafluoroethylene is preferred for stent implants due to its non-stick properties, while polyolefin is used for mesh implants. [38] [39]

Vectran, a manufactured fiber from liquid-crystal polymer, is used in producing medical devices, for example, implants and certain surgical devices. [40]

Intelligent textiles can be used for disease management as well as remote monitoring. [41] : 373  Intelligent textiles can monitor heart rate and blood pressure, which are critical components of medical diagnosis, and controlling them considerably reduces the incidence of serious health disorders. Movement patterns and electroencephalograms are used to diagnose neurological illnesses and to guide treatment decisions. [41] : 375 

Phase-change materials are helpful in medical textiles because they can be utilized to reheat hypothermia patients softly and precisely. Additionally, the PCM can be incorporated therapeutically into elastic wraps or orthopedic joint supports. It makes it easy to provide heat or cold therapy to joints or muscles while wearing a bandage. [41] : 54, 55 

Materials with shape-memory polymers that have the capabilities of temperature adaptive moisture management can improve the thermo-physiological comfort of patients. [42]

Nonwoven fabrics with two or more fibers layers are widely used in a variety of applications, including tissue engineering scaffolds, wipes, wound dressings, and barrier materials. [43]

Microfluidic spinning technology is used for fabricating many type of fibers. Due to its ease of manipulation, high efficiency, controllability, and environmentally friendly chemical process, microfluidic systems have been identified as an appropriate microreactor platform for the production of anisotropic fibers. [44] [45]

Applications

Medical textiles cover a vast area of application that includes wound care, disease management, preventive clothing, bandages, hygiene (hospital linen), etc. Medical textiles are useful in first aid, treating a wound or keeping a wound or illness in the right condition during medical treatment, they also helps in protecting the healthcare workers from Infection and infectious diseases. [3]

Wound care

Knitting, weaving, braiding, crocheting, composite materials, and non-woven technologies are all different fabric manufacturing systems used in contemporary wound care. [46] Research subjects in medical textiles include materials and products with significantly superior attributes produced using advanced technology and novel methodologies. New medical textiles are an emerging field with significant growth in wound treatment products. These are all important characteristics of wound care fibers and dressings. They are non-toxic, non-allergic, absorbent, hemostatic, biocompatible, breathable, and non-toxic. They also have good mechanical properties. Chitosan, Alginate, Collagen, branan ferulate, and carbon fiber-based goods offer numerous advantages over conventional materials. Materials used in wound care also include foams, hydrogels, films, hydrocolloids, and matrix (tissue engineering). [46]

Tissue engineering

Textile technologies are now being considered for biofabrication. The physical and chemical properties of fibers, the size of the pores, and the strength of the fabric all play a role in how textile technologies can be used in tissue engineering. [47] Fibrous structures can be made and shaped with textile technology to meet the needs of a wide range of tissue engineering applications. Tissue engineering is the process of putting together scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules to make functional tissues. [48] [49]

  • It is possible to make meter-long core-shell hydrogel microfibers that contain ECM proteins and mature cells or somatic stem cells in a microfluidic device. and these microfibers have the morphologies and functions of live tissues. The fibers also have the potential to be reeled and spin or weave [50]
  • Electrospinning can produce nanofibers with a range of desired fine microns that is usable to make nano- and submicron-sized fibrous scaffolds from polymer solutions that could be used as cell and tissue substrates. [51]
Biomedical scaffolds

Hydrogel fibers are used to construct scaffolds for the development of cells and the release of drugs. [49] [52]

Antimicrobial dressing

Chitosan may function as an inhibitor of bacterial and fungal development. [26] In 2003, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved chitosan-based wound dressings for medical use. [27] Combat medics use Hemcon dressings, which is a dressing with Chitosan, to treat wounds because it stops the blood flow with its hemostasis properties. [26] [27] Chitosan hemostatic agents are salts formed when chitosan is combined with an organic acid (lactic acid, or Succinic acid). The hemostatic agent operates by interacting with the erythrocytes' (negatively charged) cell membrane and the protonated chitosan (positively charged), resulting in platelet involvement and fast thrombus formation. [53] When the bandage comes into contact with blood, it becomes sticky, creating an adhesive-like effect that seals the cut. [54]

Surgical suture thread

Materials in surgical sutures are textile based products. Suture material is frequently subdivided into absorbable thread and non-absorbable thread, and then into synthetic fibers and natural fibers. Whether a suture material is monofilament or polyfilament is an additional critical distinction. [55]

Bandages

A bandage is a piece of fabric used to cover, dress, and bind wounds. Bandages are typically manufactured from various textile materials. The dressing or splint is held in place using a bandage. Bandages are also used for medical purposes (strengthening and compressing) to support and restrict specific body parts. [56] [6] : 142 

Compression bandages

Compression bandages are used to apply pressure while directed pressure is used to treat lymphatic disease or venous disease, [2] : 111, 241  such as in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. [6] : 142  The most common classifications for compression bandages are inelastic and elastic. [57]

Antimicrobial textiles

Antimicrobial textiles are the textile materials (fibers, yarns and fabrics) treated with antimicrobial agents, they are used in hygiene care. Antimicrobial treated textiles either kill the bacteria or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The exemplary products are wipes, gowns, Odorless clothes, etc. [58] Antimicrobial scrubs are hospital garments treated with anti bacterial chemicals. Their primary objective is to prevent the spread of hazardous microorganisms between healthcare staff and between patients. The applied chemicals work differently, for example, chemical binds to the microbe's DNA, effectively rendering reproduction impossible. Some antimicrobial chemicals dissolve the protein necessary for their growth, there are antimicrobials which attack specific bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. [59]

Antiviral textiles

Antiviral textiles are an extension of antimicrobial surfaces. These surfaces, which have antiviral capabilities, may be able to inactivate lipid-coated viruses. [60] Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) treated CVC fabric (fabric with chief value cotton) kills 94% of the coronavirus in two hours. Henceforth, it is suitable for PPE for health workers. [61] Chitosan, a natural polymer that is biocompatible, non-allergenic, biodegradable, and non-toxic, was also looked at for its antiviral properties. The chitosan-based compound also shows efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and cotton fabrics treated with copper along with chitosan and citric acid. The treated material sustains the antiviral properties five to ten home laundry washes. [62]

Medical gowns

Surgeons wearing medical gowns Surgeons at Work.jpg
Surgeons wearing medical gowns

Medical gowns are a kind of PPE for medical professionals. Gowns are a component of a comprehensive infection-control approach. They protect the wearer from getting sick or getting infected if they come into contact with liquids or solids that could be contagious or harmful. Operating room gowns, surgical gowns, isolation gowns, nonsurgical gowns, and procedural gowns are all terms used to describe different gowns used in health care settings. The names of products are not standardized. The specifications of the products are important. ANSI/AAMI PB70 specifies a classification system for protective gear [including isolation gowns and surgical gowns] used in healthcare facilities in the United States based on its liquid barrier performance. Quality requirements for various gowns include seam strength, lint generation, tear resistance, evaporative resistance, and breathability. ASTM International [ASTM F2407] guidelines include a list of them which are approved by FDA. [63]

These gowns are either impermeable or made of a densely woven, water-resistant fabric. [64] 510(K) is a premarket submission made to the Food and Drug Administration in order to demonstrate that the device to be sold is safe and effective. Surgical and surgical isolation gowns are regulated by the FDA as Class II medical devices that require a 510(k). Non-surgical gowns are class I medical devices that do not need a 510(k) clearance. [65]

The different levels are categorized as follows: [63]

LevelRiskExposureProduct usable as/atProtection levelsTests
OneMinimumStandard isolation, Basic careVisitor gownAllows small amount of fluid penetration. Slight barrier to fluids.Only one test of water impacting the gown material's surface is conducted to determine barrier protection.
TwoLow Surgical suturing, and during blood draw Pathology lab, Intensive care unit Protection from fluids for longer period than level one gowns.Two tests
  1. Water impact on gown's surface for barrier protection.
  2. Pressure test of the material.
ThreeModerate Intravenous therapy, and to draw arterial blood In Trauma cases, or at Emergency Protection from fluids for longer period than level two gowns.Two tests
  1. Water impact on gown's surface for barrier protection.
  2. Pressure test of the material.
FourHigh Surgery, and where pathogen transmission suspected Operating theater Protection against fluids and virus for one hour.Three tests
  1. Water impact on gown's surface for barrier protection.
  2. Pressure test of the material.
  3. Barrier protection level against simulated blood containing virus

Some more examples of medical textile applications in the medical environment include the following:

.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biopolymer</span> Polymer produced by a living organism

Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomers used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides, polypeptides, and polysaccharides. The Polynucleotides, RNA and DNA, are long polymers of nucleotides. Polypeptides include proteins and shorter polymers of amino acids; some major examples include collagen, actin, and fibrin. Polysaccharides are linear or branched chains of sugar carbohydrates; examples include starch, cellulose, and alginate. Other examples of biopolymers include natural rubbers, suberin and lignin, cutin and cutan, melanin, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chitin</span> Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n ( KY-tin) is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especially filamentous and mushroom-forming fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks and gladii of molluscs and in some nematodes and diatoms. It is also synthesised by at least some fish and lissamphibians. Commercially, chitin is extracted from the shells of crabs, shrimps, shellfish and lobsters, which are major by-products of the seafood industry. The structure of chitin is comparable to cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. It is functionally comparable to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tissue engineering</span> Biomedical engineering discipline

Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on tissue scaffolds in the formation of new viable tissue for a medical purpose, but is not limited to applications involving cells and tissue scaffolds. While it was once categorized as a sub-field of biomaterials, having grown in scope and importance, it can be considered as a field of its own.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chitosan</span> Chemical compound

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as sodiu

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electrospinning</span> Fiber production method

Electrospinning is a fiber production method that uses electrical force to draw charged threads of polymer solutions for producing nanofibers with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. Electrospinning shares characteristics of both electrospraying and conventional solution dry spinning of fibers. The process does not require the use of coagulation chemistry or high temperatures to produce solid threads from solution. This makes the process particularly suited to the production of fibers using large and complex molecules. Electrospinning from molten precursors is also practiced; this method ensures that no solvent can be carried over into the final product.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PLGA</span> Copolymer of varying ratios of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid

PLGA, PLG, or poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid is a copolymer which is used in a host of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic devices, owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. PLGA is synthesized by means of ring-opening co-polymerization of two different monomers, the cyclic dimers (1,4-dioxane-2,5-diones) of glycolic acid and lactic acid. Polymers can be synthesized as either random or block copolymers thereby imparting additional polymer properties. Common catalysts used in the preparation of this polymer include tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, tin(II) alkoxides, or aluminum isopropoxide. During polymerization, successive monomeric units are linked together in PLGA by ester linkages, thus yielding a linear, aliphatic polyester as a product.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural fiber</span> Fibers obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals or minerals without synthesis

Natural fibers or natural fibres are fibers that are produced by geological processes, or from the bodies of plants or animals. They can be used as a component of composite materials, where the orientation of fibers impacts the properties. Natural fibers can also be matted into sheets to make paper or felt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organ printing</span> Method of creating artificial organs

Organ printing utilizes techniques similar to conventional 3D printing where a computer model is fed into a printer that lays down successive layers of plastics or wax until a 3D object is produced. In the case of organ printing, the material being used by the printer is a biocompatible plastic. The biocompatible plastic forms a scaffold that acts as the skeleton for the organ that is being printed. As the plastic is being laid down, it is also seeded with human cells from the patient's organ that is being printed for. After printing, the organ is transferred to an incubation chamber to give the cells time to grow. After a sufficient amount of time, the organ is implanted into the patient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nonwoven fabric</span> Sheet of fibers

Nonwoven fabric or non-woven fabric is a fabric-like material made from staple fibre (short) and long fibres, bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment. The term is used in the textile manufacturing industry to denote fabrics, such as felt, which are neither woven nor knitted. Some non-woven materials lack sufficient strength unless densified or reinforced by a backing. In recent years, non-wovens have become an alternative to polyurethane foam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanofiber</span> Natural or synthetic fibers with diameters in the nanometer range

Nanofibers are fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Nanofibers can be generated from different polymers and hence have different physical properties and application potentials. Examples of natural polymers include collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides such as chitosan and alginate. Examples of synthetic polymers include poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyurethane (PU), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) (PEVA). Polymer chains are connected via covalent bonds. The diameters of nanofibers depend on the type of polymer used and the method of production. All polymer nanofibers are unique for their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high porosity, appreciable mechanical strength, and flexibility in functionalization compared to their microfiber counterparts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polydioxanone</span>

Polydioxanone or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biomaterial</span> Any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose

A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose – either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study, called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering, is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Technical textile</span> Textile product valued for its functional characteristics

"Technical textile" refers to a category of textiles specifically engineered and manufactured to serve functional purposes beyond traditional apparel and home furnishing applications. These textiles are designed with specific performance characteristics and properties, making them suitable for various industrial, medical, automotive, aerospace, and other technical applications. Unlike conventional textiles used for clothing or decoration, technical textiles are optimized to offer qualities such as strength, durability, flame resistance, chemical resistance, moisture management, and other specialized functionalities to meet the specific needs of diverse industries and sectors.

Biotextiles are specialized materials engineered from natural or synthetic fibers. These textiles are designed to interact with biological systems, offering properties such as biocompatibility, porosity, and mechanical strength or are designed to be environmentally friendly for typical household applications. There are several uses for biotextiles since they are a broad category. The most common uses are for medical or household use. However, this term may also refer to textiles constructed from biological waste product. These biotextiles are not typically used for industrial purposes.

Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications.

Many opportunities exist for the application of synthetic biodegradable polymers in the biomedical area particularly in the fields of tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Degradation is important in biomedicine for many reasons. Degradation of the polymeric implant means surgical intervention may not be required in order to remove the implant at the end of its functional life, eliminating the need for a second surgery. In tissue engineering, biodegradable polymers can be designed such to approximate tissues, providing a polymer scaffold that can withstand mechanical stresses, provide a suitable surface for cell attachment and growth, and degrade at a rate that allows the load to be transferred to the new tissue. In the field of controlled drug delivery, biodegradable polymers offer tremendous potential either as a drug delivery system alone or in conjunction to functioning as a medical device.

Polymers with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses are classified as antimicrobial agents. This class of polymers consists of natural polymers with inherent antimicrobial activity and polymers modified to exhibit antimicrobial activity. Polymers are generally nonvolatile, chemically stable, and can be chemically and physically modified to display desired characteristics and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial polymers are a prime candidate for use in the food industry to prevent bacterial contamination and in water sanitation to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in drinking water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surgical mesh</span> Material used in surgery

Surgical mesh is a medical implant made of loosely woven mesh, which is used in surgery as either a permanent or temporary structural support for organs and other tissues. Surgical mesh can be made from both inorganic and biological materials and is used in a variety of surgeries, although hernia repair is the most common application. It can also be used for reconstructive work, such as in pelvic organ prolapse or to repair physical defects created by extensive resections or traumatic tissue loss.

Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is a copolymer (polysaccharide) that makes up fungal cell walls, consisting of covalently-bonded chitin and branched 1,3/1,6-ß-D-glucan. CGCs are alkaline-insoluble. Different species of fungi have different structural compositions of chitin and β-glucan making up the CGCs in their cell walls. Soil composition and other environmental factors can also affect the ratio of chitin to β-glucan found in the CGC. Fungal cell walls may also contain chitosan-glucan complexes, which are similar copolymers but have chitosan instead of chitin. Chitin and chitosan are closely related molecules: greater than 40% of the polymer chain of chitin is made of acetylated glucosamine units, whereas greater than 60% of chitosan is made of deacetylated glucosamine units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Textile performance</span> Fitness for purpose of textiles

Textile performance, also known as fitness for purpose, is a textile's capacity to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards, qualifying it for particular uses. The performance of textile products influences their appearance, comfort, durability, and protection.

 The different textile applications require a different set of performance parameters. As a result, the specifications determine the level of performance of a textile product. Textile testing certifies the product's conformity to buying specification. It also describes product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where fitness for purpose is the primary criterion. Engineering of high-performance fabrics presents a unique set of challenges.

References

  1. ↑ "Medical textiles - Knowledge and References". Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Qin, Yimin (2015-11-21). Medical Textile Materials. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 13, 14. ISBN   978-0-08-100624-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Rohani Shirvan, Anahita; Nouri, Alireza (2020). "Medical textiles". Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles. pp. 291–333. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-820257-9.00013-8. ISBN   978-0-12-820257-9.
  4. ↑ Anand, Subhash C.; Kennedy, J. F.; Miraftab, M.; Rajendran, Subbiyan (2005-11-30). Medical Textiles and Biomaterials for Healthcare. Elsevier. p. 81. ISBN   978-1-84569-410-4.
  5. ↑ King, M.W.; Gupta, B.S.; Guidoin, R. (2013). "Introduction". Biotextiles as Medical Implants. pp. xxxi–xxxvii. doi:10.1016/B978-1-84569-439-5.50027-2. ISBN   978-1-84569-439-5.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Horrocks, A. R.; Anand, Subhash C. (2016-03-09). Handbook of Technical Textiles: Technical Textile Applications. Woodhead Publishing. p. 135. ISBN   978-1-78242-488-8.
  7. 1 2 Lopez, German (2020-03-27). "Why America ran out of protective masks — and what can be done about it". Vox. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  8. 1 2 "Coronavirus: Protective health gear, N-95 masks, coveralls in short supply". Business Today. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  9. ↑ "Textile industry focusing on medical garments amid COVID-19 pandemic: TRSA Reports - The Textile Magazine". 21 April 2020. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  10. ↑ "一罩难求：南都民调实测走访发现，线上线下口罩基本卖脱销_进货". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  11. 1 2 3 Modified fibers with medical and specialty applications. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006. p. 1. ISBN   978-1-4020-3793-1.
  12. ↑ Fess, Elaine Ewing (April 2002). "A History of splinting: To understand the present, view the past". Journal of Hand Therapy. 15 (2): 97–132. doi:10.1053/hanthe.2002.v15.0150091. PMID   12086034.
  13. ↑ Susruta; Bhishagratna, Kunja Lal (1907–1916). An English translation of the Sushruta samhita, based on original Sanskrit text. Edited and published by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna. With a full and comprehensive introd., translation of different readings, notes, comparative views, index, glossary and plates. Gerstein - University of Toronto. Calcutta. p. 166.
  14. ↑ Encyclopedia of Pestilence Pandemics and Plagues.pdf
  15. ↑ Bauer, S. Wise (2003). The Middle Ages: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of the Renaissance. Peace Hill Press. p. 145. ISBN   978-0-9714129-4-1.
  16. ↑ "N95 and rapid testing shortage hits Calgary". calgaryherald. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  17. ↑ Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
  18. ↑ Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (2020-05-11). "Personal Protective Equipment for Infection Control". FDA. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  19. ↑ Catching, Adam; Capponi, Sara; Yeh, Ming Te; Bianco, Simone; Andino, Raul (6 August 2021). "Examining the interplay between face mask usage, asymptomatic transmission, and social distancing on the spread of COVID-19". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15998. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115998C. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5. PMC   8346500 . PMID   34362936.
  20. 1 2 Churchill Livingstone's mini encyclopaedia of nursing. Edinburgh ; New York: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. 2005. p. 200. ISBN   978-0-443-07487-5.
  21. ↑ Saravanan, M. (2014-09-01). "Extracorporeal textiles". 61: 88–91.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[ full citation needed ]
  22. 1 2 3 Ramachandran Sharma, Bhavna; Vaishnav, Rushikesh (April 2015). "Need of Development in Medical Textile Market in India". International Journal on Textile Engineering and Processes. 1 (2): 24–27.
  23. ↑ "Artificial Heart | PDF | Polyurethane | Polymers". Scribd. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  24. ↑ Wong, Joyce Y.; Bronzino, Joseph D.; Peterson, Donald R. (2012-12-06). Biomaterials: Principles and Practices. CRC Press. p. 281. ISBN   978-1-4398-7251-2.
  25. ↑ "Non implantable materials in medical textiles". International Journal of Current Research.
  26. 1 2 3 Ducheyne, Paul; Healy, Kevin E.; Hutmacher, Dietmar W.; Grainger, David W.; Kirkpatrick, C. James (2015-08-28). Comprehensive Biomaterials. Elsevier. pp. 221–235. ISBN   978-0-08-055294-1.
  27. 1 2 3 Zhang, Yin-Juan; Gao, Bo; Liu, Xi-Wen (2015). "Topical and effective hemostatic medicines in the battlefield". International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 8 (1): 10–19. PMC   4358424 . PMID   25784969.
  28. 1 2 3 Rajendran, S.; Anand, S.C.; Rigby, A.J. (2016). "Textiles for healthcare and medical applications". Handbook of Technical Textiles. pp. 135–168. doi:10.1016/B978-1-78242-465-9.00005-7. ISBN   978-1-78242-465-9.
  29. 1 2 3 Magnan, Laure; Labrunie, Gaëlle; Fénelon, Mathilde; Dusserre, Nathalie; Foulc, Marie-Pierre; Lafourcade, Mickaël; Svahn, Isabelle; Gontier, Etienne; Vélez V., Jaime H.; McAllister, Todd N.; L'Heureux, Nicolas (March 2020). "Human textiles: A cell-synthesized yarn as a truly "bio" material for tissue engineering applications". Acta Biomaterialia. 105: 111–120. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.037 . PMID   31996332.
  30. ↑ Jones, Kim S. (April 2008). "Effects of biomaterial-induced inflammation on fibrosis and rejection". Seminars in Immunology. 20 (2): 130–136. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.005. PMID   18191409.
  31. ↑ Cvrček, Ladislav; Horáková, Marta (2019). "Plasma Modified Polymeric Materials for Implant Applications". Non-Thermal Plasma Technology for Polymeric Materials. pp. 367–407. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813152-7.00014-7. ISBN   978-0-12-813152-7.
  32. ↑ "Medical devices". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  33. ↑ Gilding, D.K.; Reed, A.M. (December 1979). "Biodegradable polymers for use in surgery—polyglycolic/poly(actic acid) homo- and copolymers: 1". Polymer. 20 (12): 1459–1464. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(79)90009-0.
  34. ↑ "Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers as Medical Devices (MPB archive, Mar 98)". 2007-03-12. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  35. ↑ Bartels, V. (2011-08-19). Handbook of Medical Textiles. Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-85709-369-1.
  36. ↑ Soltani, Iman; Macosko, Christopher W. (June 2018). "Influence of rheology and surface properties on morphology of nanofibers derived from islands-in-the-sea meltblown nonwovens". Polymer. 145: 21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.04.051 . S2CID   139262140.
  37. ↑ Wehmann, Michael; McCulloch, W. John G. (1999). "Melt blowing technology". Polypropylene. Polymer Science and Technology Series. Vol. 2. pp. 415–420. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6_58. ISBN   978-94-010-5899-5.
  38. ↑ Gandhi, Kim (2019-11-01). Woven Textiles: Principles, Technologies and Applications. Woodhead Publishing. p. 332. ISBN   978-0-08-102498-0.
  39. ↑ Chen, Xiaogang (2015-05-28). Advances in 3D Textiles. Elsevier. p. 324. ISBN   978-1-78242-219-8.
  40. ↑ McQuaid, Matilda (2005). Extreme textiles : designing for high performance. New York : Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 74. ISBN   978-1-56898-507-7.
  41. 1 2 3 Intelligent textiles and clothing. Boca Raton : CRC Press ; Cambridge: Woodhead Pub. 2006. ISBN   978-1-84569-005-2.
  42. ↑ Intelligent textiles and clothing. Boca Raton : CRC Press ; Cambridge: Woodhead Pub. 2006. p. 119. ISBN   978-1-84569-005-2.
  43. ↑ Kellie, George (2016-05-17). Advances in Technical Nonwovens. Woodhead Publishing. p. 230. ISBN   978-0-08-100584-2.
  44. ↑ Xu, Ling-Ling; Wang, Cai-Feng; Chen, Su (7 April 2014). "Microarrays Formed by Microfluidic Spinning as Multidimensional Microreactors". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (15): 3988–3992. doi:10.1002/anie.201310977. PMID   24595996.
  45. ↑ Zhang, Yan; Wang, Cai-Feng; Chen, Li; Chen, Su; Ryan, Anthony J. (December 2015). "Microfluidic-Spinning-Directed Microreactors Toward Generation of Multiple Nanocrystals Loaded Anisotropic Fluorescent Microfibers". Advanced Functional Materials. 25 (47): 7253–7262. doi:10.1002/adfm.201503680. S2CID   136813842.
  46. 1 2 Petrulyte, Salvinija (2008). "Advanced textile materials and biopolymers in wound management". Danish Medical Bulletin. 55 (1): 72–77. PMID   18321446.
  47. ↑ Akbari, Mohsen; Tamayol, Ali; Bagherifard, Sara; Serex, Ludovic; Mostafalu, Pooria; Faramarzi, Negar; Mohammadi, Mohammad Hossein; Khademhosseini, Ali (April 2016). "Textile Technologies and Tissue Engineering: A Path Toward Organ Weaving". Advanced Healthcare Materials. 5 (7): 751–766. doi:10.1002/adhm.201500517. PMC   4910159 . PMID   26924450.
  48. ↑ "Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine". www.nibib.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  49. 1 2 Du, Xiang-Yun; Li, Qing; Wu, Guan; Chen, Su (December 2019). "Multifunctional Micro/Nanoscale Fibers Based on Microfluidic Spinning Technology". Advanced Materials. 31 (52): e1903733. Bibcode:2019AdM....3103733D. doi:10.1002/adma.201903733. PMID   31573714. S2CID   203622435.
  50. ↑ Onoe, Hiroaki; Okitsu, Teru; Itou, Akane; Kato-Negishi, Midori; Gojo, Riho; Kiriya, Daisuke; Sato, Koji; Miura, Shigenori; Iwanaga, Shintaroh; Kuribayashi-Shigetomi, Kaori; Matsunaga, Yukiko T.; Shimoyama, Yuto; Takeuchi, Shoji (June 2013). "Metre-long cell-laden microfibres exhibit tissue morphologies and functions". Nature Materials. 12 (6): 584–590. Bibcode:2013NatMa..12..584O. doi:10.1038/nmat3606. PMID   23542870.
  51. ↑ Hu, Jiang; Ma, Peter X. (June 2011). "Nano-Fibrous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Capable of Growth Factor Delivery". Pharmaceutical Research. 28 (6): 1273–1281. doi:10.1007/s11095-011-0367-z. PMC   3100424 . PMID   21234657.
  52. ↑ Sharifi, Farrokh; Patel, Bhavika B.; McNamara, Marilyn C.; Meis, Peter J.; Roghair, Marissa N.; Lu, Mingchang; Montazami, Reza; Sakaguchi, Donald S.; Hashemi, Nicole N. (22 May 2019). "Photo-Cross-Linked Poly(ethylene glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels: Spherical Microparticles to Bow Tie-Shaped Microfibers". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 11 (20): 18797–18807. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b05555. PMID   31042026. S2CID   206497224.
  53. ↑ Baldrick, Paul (April 2010). "The safety of chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 56 (3): 290–299. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.015. PMID   19788905.
  54. ↑ Singh, Rita; Shitiz, Kirti; Singh, Antaryami (December 2017). "Chitin and chitosan: biopolymers for wound management". International Wound Journal. 14 (6): 1276–1289. doi:10.1111/iwj.12797. PMC   7949833 . PMID   28799228.
  55. ↑ Sutton, Jeffrey M. (2018). The Mont Reid Surgical Handbook. Elsevier. pp. 81–90. ISBN   978-0-323-53175-7.
  56. ↑ "Definition of BANDAGE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  57. ↑ Rajendran, S.; Anand, S.C.; Rajendran, S. (2019). "Advanced textiles for wound compression". Advanced Textiles for Wound Care. pp. 169–192. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102192-7.00006-0. ISBN   978-0-08-102192-7.
  58. ↑ Sun, Gang (2016-04-11). Antimicrobial Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN   978-0-08-100585-9.
  59. ↑ wpiqadmin (2019-11-14). "How Antimicrobial Scrubs and Uniforms Can Keep Your Workplace Safe?". IQ Apparel. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  60. ↑ Iyigundogdu, Zeynep Ustaoglu; Demir, Okan; Asutay, Ayla Burcin; Sahin, Fikrettin (2017). "Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 181 (3): 1155–1166. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2275-5. PMC   7091037 . PMID   27734286.
  61. ↑ Wang, Wen-Yi; Yim, Sui-Lung; Wong, Chun-Ho; Kan, Chi-Wai (2021). "Development of Antiviral CVC (Chief Value Cotton) Fabric". Polymers. 13 (16): 2601. doi: 10.3390/polym13162601 . PMC   8400859 . PMID   34451140.
  62. ↑ Favatela, María Florencia; Otarola, Jessica; Ayala-Peña, Victoria Belen; Dolcini, Guillermina; Perez, Sandra; Torres Nicolini, Andrés; Alvarez, Vera Alejandra; Lassalle, Verónica Leticia (April 2022). "Development and Characterization of Antimicrobial Textiles from Chitosan-Based Compounds: Possible Biomaterials Against SARS-CoV-2 Viruses". Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 32 (4): 1473–1486. doi:10.1007/s10904-021-02192-x. PMC   8794601 . PMID   35106063.
  63. 1 2 Health, Center for Devices and Radiological (2021-01-13). "Medical Gowns". FDA.
  64. ↑ Ammirati, Christie T. (2005). "Aseptic Technique". Surgery of the Skin. pp. 25–37. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-02752-6.50007-9. ISBN   978-0-323-02752-6.
  65. ↑ Submission and Review of Sterility Information in Premarket Notification (510(k)) Submissions for Devices Labeled as Sterile
  66. 1 2 Afp (2020-11-18). "Can surgical masks be reused?". The Hindu. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  67. ↑ "See which masks protect better than others". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  68. ↑ Bartels, V. (2011-08-19). Handbook of Medical Textiles. Elsevier. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-85709-369-1.
  69. ↑ "Can face masks protect against COVID-19?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.