| 3 March affair | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Indonesian National Revolution | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Indonesia | Islamic militias | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Ismail Lengah | Saalah Yusuf Sutan Mangkuto Adam B.B. | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1 killed | 1 wounded | ||||||
The 3 March affair (Indonesian : Peristiwa Tiga Maret) was an attempted coup against the Indonesian republican administration in West Sumatra during the Indonesian National Revolution by Islamic militias. The coup failed and its leaders were arrested.
In the early phases of the Indonesian National Revolution, the residents of West Sumatra had felt that the authorities of the Republic of Indonesia had not been radical enough in taking actions against the Dutch. [1] A local election in mid-1946 saw significant success for candidates who had refused to work with the Dutch and Japanese authorities in the pre-independence era, and members of the Islamist Masyumi Party largely took control of local village administration from traditional leaders. [2] In November 1946, the Linggadjati Agreement was signed, which in West Sumatra meant that Indonesian army units were required to withdraw from the city of Padang, an unpopular decision for the locals. [2] This resentment was furthered by grievances by soldiers on the frontlines against civilian administrators and their officers, in addition to a lack of Masyumi representation in the residency government and the fact that military supplies were allocated almost exclusively for regular army units with militia groups receiving effectively nothing. [2] [3]
On 3 March 1947, the uprising occurred, centered in the government base at Bukittinggi in addition to several other towns. [2] Forces involved in Bukittinggi were primarily Hizbullah militias withdrawn from Solok, Padangpanjang and Payakumbuh, mobilized early that day. [3] The primary objective of the uprising was to seize power from the Republican government, and to kidnap the heads of government there - civilian resident Rasyid and army commander Ismail Lengah . [2] Both leaders had been alerted to the uprising a week in advance and were well-protected, and had preemptively contacted local ulama to convince them against taking part in the rebellion. [4] [5]
Due to the prior knowledge, Republican military leaders had formed operational plans which dictated a policy of minimal violence to prevent losses. [6] The Hizbullah men were intercepted and surrounded, [6] and after just several hours of light combat the militias surrendered before reaching the center of Bukittinggi. [7] They were disarmed, and some men who attempted to escape by blending into civilians were not pursued. [6] Outside of Bukittinggi, the rebels managed to capture some civilian officials (such as future minister Eny Karim), [5] but by morning the following day principal coup leaders had been arrested. [7] In Bukittinggi, one regular army soldier was killed and one of the rebels was wounded. [7]
The captured rebels were imprisoned, but after several days they were released and sent home by the government with money and clothes. [7] The coup leaders were trialled, with the two chief leaders being sentenced to one year in prison and a parole sentence respectively. [8] Masyumi leader Mohammad Natsir (who originated from West Sumatra) travelled to Bukittinggi leading a Masyumi delegation to investigate the incident, concluding that the Masyumi party itself was uninvolved in the incident, though it involved a number of its members. [7]
Leaders of the Indonesian central government changed their attitudes towards West Sumatra in the aftermath of the incident. [9] The local government decided that the Islamic militias had to be included in the military command structure, and they were later integrated in a process which completed later that year. [10]
The Indonesian National Revolution, also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.
The Communist Party of Indonesia was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its violent disbandment in 1965. The party had two million members in the 1955 elections, with 16 percent of the national vote and almost 30 percent of the vote in East Java. During most of the period immediately following the Indonesian Independence until the eradication of the PKI in 1965, it was a legal party operating openly in the country. Accused of responsibility for the 1965 army-led coup attempt, the party was banned by General Suharto in March 1966.
The Socialist Party of Indonesia was a political party in Indonesia from 1948 until 1960, when it was banned by President Sukarno.
Bukittinggi is the third largest city in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of 111,312 in 2010 and 121,028 in 2020, and an official estimate as at mid 2023 of 124,047 - comprising 61,949 males and 62,098 females. It covers an area of 25.24 km2. It is located in the Minangkabau Highlands, 90 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of Padang. The city is completely surrounded by the Agam Regency, making it an enclave within the regency, and it is located at 0°18′20″S100°22′9″E, near the volcanoes Mount Singgalang (inactive) and Mount Marapi. At 930 m above sea level, the city has a cool climate with temperatures between 16.1° to 24.9 °C.
The Indonesian National Party was the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from 1927 until 1973. The first PNI was established by future President Sukarno. After independence, the new PNI supplied a number of prime ministers, and participated in the majority of cabinets in the 1950s and 1960s. The party was fused into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. In the years following the reforms of the late 1990s, a number of parties claiming to be the continuation of previous PNIs stood in elections, but gained only a handful of seats.
The Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia was a revolutionary government set up in Sumatra to oppose the central government of Indonesia in 1958.
Operation Kraai was a Dutch military offensive against the de facto Republic of Indonesia in December 1948, following the failure of negotiations. With the advantage of surprise, the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as de facto Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was, however, followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch. This led to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia.
This is the timeline of Indonesian National Revolution.
The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations Party, better known as the Masyumi Party, was a major Islamic political party in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia. It was banned in 1960 by President Sukarno for supporting the PRRI rebellion.
The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia, also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system. During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw continual political instability. The period began on 17 August 1950 following the dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia, less than a year after its formation, and ended with the imposition of martial law and President Sukarno's decree, which resulted in the introduction of the Guided Democracy period on 5 July 1959.
Burhanuddin Harahap was an Indonesian politician and lawyer who served as prime minister of Indonesia from August 1955 until March 1956. He was a member of the Masyumi Party and served as Minister of Defense concurrently with his tenure as prime minister. Afterward, he took part in the unsuccessful Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI) rebellion in West Sumatra.
Sjafruddin Prawiranegara was an Indonesian statesman and economist. He served in various roles during his career, including as head of government in the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia, as Minister of Finance in several cabinets, and as the first Governor of Bank Indonesia. Sjafruddin later became the prime minister of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia, a shadow government set up in opposition to the country's central government.
The Third Sjahrir Cabinet was the fourth Indonesian cabinet. It served from October 1946 to July 1947, when it fell due to disagreements related to the implementation of the Linggadjati Agreement and subsequent negotiations with the Dutch.
The Makassar Uprising, also known as Andi Aziz rebellion, was a skirmish in Makassar, Sulawesi, between former Royal Dutch East Indies Army soldiers under Captain Andi Aziz and the Republic of the United States of Indonesia government. The purpose of the uprising was to revolt against the incorporation of the Indonesian federated "states" into the Indonesian Republic. However, the uprising was quashed in a little over two weeks when troops under Lieutenant Colonel Suharto and Colonel Alexander Evert Kawilarang arrived at Makassar to find only light resistance.
Sumitro Djojohadikusumo was an Indonesian statesman and one of the country's most influential economists. He held ministerial positions under Presidents Sukarno and Suharto intermittently between 1950 and 1978. During his career in government, Sumitro served as Minister of Industry and Trade, Minister of Finance, and the Minister of Research in five different cabinets. He was also the Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of Indonesia.
Communism in Sumatra has historically had an influence in the politics and society of Sumatra. Padang, Pariaman, Silungkang, Sawah Lunto, Alahan Panjang, and Suliki of West Sumatra have been cited as an area which was particular active in communism.
Eny Karim, also spelled as Eni Karim, was an Indonesian politician and civil servant from West Sumatra who served as Minister of Agriculture under the Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, and briefly as governor of North Sumatra in 1963.
Colonel Dahlan Djambek was a military officer, independence fighter, and minister in the Cabinet of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI). During the Japanese occupation of West Sumatra, he was appointed Chairman of the Sumatra Chokai.
Kaharuddin Datuk Rangkayo Basa was an Indonesian police officer and politician who was the first governor of West Sumatra, serving from 1958 until his removal in 1965. His tenure included the rebellion of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia in the province, which he had been an opponent of before his appointment.
The Japanese occupation of West Sumatra, officially known as Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shū, started from 1942 until 1945 when the region was controlled by the Empire of Japan. The occupation was notable and recognized as one of the rare instances where a civilian government was established, rather than being governed by someone associated with the Japanese Imperial Army. The Japanese entered Padang on 17 March 1942 and within ten days all important cities in the West Sumatra region were occupied without resistance from the Dutch. The Japanese occupation of the region ended on 17 August 1945 with the proclamation of Indonesian independence by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta.
