Abbeville massacre | |
---|---|
Part of the Battle of France | |
Location | Abbeville, Somme, France |
Date | 20 May 1940 |
Attack type | Summary executions |
Deaths | 21 |
Victims | Civilians suspected of colluding with Nazi Germany |
Perpetrators | French Army
|
Motive | Purging suspected fifth columnists and potential collaborators before they could be freed by the Germans |
Convicted | René Caron Émile Molet |
The Abbeville massacre took place during the Battle of France in the French town of Abbeville on 20 May 1940. 21 political prisoners, mainly foreign nationals, were killed by the French soldiers who feared that they might become possible fifth columnists or collaborators with Nazi Germany.
Although four of those killed were actively working for the Nazis, with another two having genuine Nazi affiliations, the victims also included a number of individuals hostile to Nazism. These included fascists hostile to Nazism such as Joris Van Severen, the cofounder of Verdinaso. Several Jews and Communists were also killed.
During the German invasion of Belgium, the Belgian authorities arrested a number of suspects ("enemy Belgians and enemy foreigners") between 10 and 15 May on the orders of the auditor general Walter Ganshof van der Meersch. "It is clear that the arrests were very irresponsible and arbitrary. They just picked up some people: out of revenge, out of jealousy, because of their political beliefs, their Jewish origin or because of their foreign nationality," wrote survivor Gaby Warris. [1] These administrative internees were imprisoned in 't Pandreitje , the former prison of Bruges. Among them were Joris Van Severen, Léon Degrelle and other notables. Despite unsuccessful attempts by befriended members of parliament to free Van Severen (as they had VNV leader Staf Declercq), he was deported to France on 15 May 1940 with Degrelle and 77 others.
Unlike the other suspects who were taken away in so-called " ghost trains " , this mixed group (handcuffed in pairs) was driven in three buses via Ostend to Dunkirk, where Degrelle was removed from the group. In the study Dossier Abbeville, the backgrounds of all 'suspicious' persons were extensively discussed. [2] The 21 Belgians also included the Rexist René Wéry, Verdinaso member Jan Rijckoort (the right-hand man of Van Severen) and VNV member Maurits Van Gijsegem. The group also included 18 Jews, 14 German citizens, four Italians (Ferrucio Bellumat, Luigi Lazarelli, Guiseppe Mantella, and Mirko Taccardi), two Dutchmen (Willem van de Loo and Johannes van der Plas), Canadian ice hockey coach Bobby Bell , and a number of Belgian communists (Louis Caestecker and Lucien Monami, among others). [3]
Three days later, on 19 May, the entire group was taken to Abbeville and locked up under the music kiosk on the market square. When the city of Abbeville was heavily bombed from the air by German squadrons on the night of 19–20 May, the French guards thought that the prisoners would be liberated by the Germans. [4] They decided in the afternoon of 20 May that it was better to execute them. Twenty-one prisoners were taken from the kiosk, placed against the wall, and shot without trial on the orders of the French Capitaine Marcel Dingeon , who was Abbeville's deputy commander. A woman, Maria Geerolf-Ceuterick, was bayoneted to death. She had been mistakenly arrested instead of her son-in-law, the Dutch architect Ernst Warris, who lived in Bruges. [1] The executions ended on orders of Lieutenant Jean Leclabart, who finally arrived and was able to stop the massacre. Among the 21 victims were citizens of six different countries besides Belgium, including Italy, Czechoslovakia (Léon Hirschfeld, a Jewish schizophreniac) and Hungary (Miguel Sonin-Garfunkel, an elderly Spanish Jew). [2]
Of those killed, only six had pro-Nazi affiliations, of whom four were working for the Germans. German Paul Günther was an Abwehr recruiter, while Belgians Jean-Henri De Bruyn and Hector Vanderkelen and Dutchman Willem van de Loo were working for the Abwehr. Another Belgian, René Wéry, was a member of the Rexist Party, a group which later extensively collaborated with the Germans. Belgian Maurits Van Gijsegem was a member of the Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond, a group that also heavily collaborated. Two others, Joris Van Severen, a cofounder of Verdinaso, and his subordinate, Jan Ryckoort, were fascists without pro-Nazi affiliations. Verdinaso, which had more far-right conservative leanings than the Rexists, did not share the racist ideology of the Nazi regime, with Van Severen having said "I detest the Hitlerians," in a previous interview. [5] [6]
In January 1942, Lieutenant René Caron and Sergeant Émile Molet were put on trial before the German court-martial in wartime Paris. They were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on 7 April 1942 at Mont-Valérien. Captain Marcel Dingeon had escaped to the zone libre , where he had committed suicide in Pau on 21 January 1941. [4]
Following Joris van Severen's death, Verdinaso fell apart. Some activists collaborated with the Nazis, while others joined the resistance. [7]
The Rex Popular Front, Rexist Party, or simply Rex, was a far-right Catholic authoritarian and corporatist political party active in Belgium from 1935 until 1945. The party was founded by a journalist, Léon Degrelle, It advocated Belgian unitarism and royalism. Initially, the party ran in both Flanders and Wallonia, but it never achieved much success outside Wallonia and Brussels. Its name was derived from the Roman Catholic journal and publishing company Christus Rex.
The Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond, widely known by its acronym VNV, was a Flemish nationalist political party active in Belgium between 1933 and 1945. It became the leading force of political collaboration in Flanders during the German occupation of Belgium in World War II. Authoritarian by inclination, the party advocated the creation of a "Greater Netherlands" (Dietsland) combining Flanders and the Netherlands.
Léon Joseph Marie Ignace Degrelle was a Belgian Walloon politician and Nazi collaborator. He rose to prominence in Belgium in the 1930s as the leader of the Rexist Party (Rex). During the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, he enlisted in the German army and fought in the Walloon Legion on the Eastern Front. After the collapse of the Nazi regime, Degrelle escaped and went into exile in Francoist Spain, where he remained a prominent figure in neo-Nazi politics.
Verdinaso, sometimes rendered as Dinaso, was a small fascist political movement active in Belgium and, to a lesser extent, the Netherlands between 1931 and 1941.
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Joris Van Severen was a Belgian politician and ideologue of the Flemish Movement as well as a Pan-Netherlander. A leading figure of pre-World War II Flemish nationalism, he co-founded the extreme-right group Verdinaso.
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Rachel Baes was a Belgian surrealist painter. The growth of the women's movement in the late 20th century led to renewed interest in female artists and brought greater appreciation of their work. In 2002 the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp dedicated an exhibition to Baes and the female French-Belgian surrealist painter Jane Graverol.
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Paul Hoornaert was a Belgian far right political activist. Although a pioneer of fascism in the country he was an opponent of German Nazism and, after joining the Belgian Resistance during the German occupation, died in Nazi custody.
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Despite being neutral at the start of World War II, Belgium and its colonial possessions found themselves at war after the country was invaded by German forces on 10 May 1940. After 18 days of fighting in which Belgian forces were pushed back into a small pocket in the north-west of the country, the Belgian military surrendered to the Germans, beginning an occupation that would endure until 1944. The surrender of 28 May was ordered by King Leopold III without the consultation of his government and sparked a political crisis after the war. Despite the capitulation, many Belgians managed to escape to the United Kingdom where they formed a government and army-in-exile on the Allied side.
The Courcelles massacre, sometimes known as the Rognac massacre, involved the killing of 27 civilians in a number of separate instances by a collaborationist militia associated with the Rexist Party in German-occupied Belgium during World War II. The killings occurred on 17–18 August 1944 near Courcelles, a suburb of the industrial city of Charleroi in Hainaut Province, shortly before the Liberation of Belgium in revenge for the killing of a Rexist official by the Belgian Resistance.
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Events in the year 1941 in Belgium