Accomac people

Last updated
Accomac
Total population
extinct as a tribe [1]
Regions with significant populations
Virginia
Languages
unattested Eastern Algonquian language
Religion
Indigenous
Related ethnic groups
Powhatan Confederacy

The Accomac people [3] were a historic Native American tribe in Accomack and Northampton counties in Virginia. [1] They were loosely affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy. [1] Archeological and historical record suggest trading relationships between the Accomacs and the Powhatans as well as other related groups such as the Occohannocks. [4]

Contents

The term Accomac was eventually applied to a larger group of related Indigenous peoples living on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. To the north, the Eastern Shore of Maryland was home to the Pocomoke and related tribes, such as the Annamessex. [5] Further north, the Assateague people lived on the Atlantic Coast of Maryland and Delaware. [6]

History

Monument to Debedeavon, a 17th-century Accomac chief Debedeavon Monument.jpg
Monument to Debedeavon, a 17th-century Accomac chief

Their primary settlement, also called Accomac, was near present-day Cheriton, Virginia, on Cherrystone inlet in Northampton County. [1] This settlement was located in proximity to Tsenacomoco, the Powhatans' primary chiefdom. [7]

Debedeavon (Accomac, died 1657) was the principal chief of the Accomac when English colonists first arrived in 1608. They called him the "Laughing King" and allied with him. In 1608, the Accomac were recorded as having 80 warriors. [1] This initial population estimate is likely already diminished due to spread of epidemic disease from initial contact with the Roanoke Colony in 1585. [4] [8] Based on disease profile descriptions involving high fatality rates, short illness lifecycle, and strongest outbreaks during cold seasons, this epidemic is thought to have been caused by an Influenza virus carried over from Europe for which the Accomac people did not have built up defenses. [9]

Records indicate that by the mid 17th century, the British colonists had appropriated a majority of Accomac land. [10] By 1700, the Accomac population had declined by approximately 90 percent due to introduced diseases such as smallpox and violence from the colonists. [11] The colonists began calling all American Indians to the immediate east of Chesapeake Bay "Accomac." [1] They maintained communal lands through 1812, mostly in and near Accomack County. [1]

A subgroup, the Gingaskins, lived near present-day Eastville, Virginia. They intermarried with African Americans living nearby. After Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831, local White Americans forcibly expelled them from their homelands. [1]

Known rulers

From the mid-17th century onward, the English people called the Accomac paramount chief "emperor" or "empress." [12]

  1. Debedeavon: He can be up to 4 different people. Some references regard them as the same person, some regard them as different people. [13] [14] [12]
    1. Esmy Shichans, also known as the Laughing King
    2. Okiawampe, also spelled Wackawamp
    3. Tapatiapon
    4. Johnson
  2. Empress Mary [12]

Culture and tradition

Little is known about the Accomac’s day to day life due to a scarcity of archival records and archeological excavation in the area. [4] [15] However, there is some evidence that the land was deer scarce. As such, the Accomac appear to have relied on fishing and horticulture over hunting for their nutritional needs. [4] [15] It is thought that corn and beans were their primary crops while the occasional deer was hunted in order to make clothing and tools. [4]

Subtribes

Historical marker for the Gingaskin Indian Reservation in Northampton, Virginia. Historical marker for Gingaskin reservatoin.jpg
Historical marker for the Gingaskin Indian Reservation in Northampton, Virginia.

Subtribes of the Accomac included the following groups:

Name

Philologist James Hammond Trumbull wrote that Accomac means "the other-side place" or "on-the-other-side-of-water place." [18] Alternative spellings include Accawmacke, Accomack, Accowmack, Acomack, and Acomak. [1]

Cultural heritage groups

Maryland designated the Accohannock Indian Tribe as a state-recognized tribe in 2017. [19] They claim to be descendants of the Accomac people; however, historians and other Native American tribes dispute those claims. [19] The Maryland-based organization should not be confused with the American Indigenous Accawmacke Indians, an unrecognized nonprofit organization based in Cape Charles, Virginia. [20]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wicocomico</span> Ethnic group

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Savage (Virginia interpreter)</span> Early English colonist (1594–1633)

Thomas Savage was an English adventurer to the Virginia colony. At age thirteen he emigrated to the New World, and soon after lived with Powhatan as a cultural emmissary from 1608 to 1610. Savage became a Tidewater Algonquian interpreter for the English. Savage settled on the Eastern Shore of Virginia where he interacted with native leader Debedeavon. Thomas Savage was an ancient planter, married a tobacco bride, and had a son (John) that represented Northampton County, Virginia in the House of Burgesses.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook, 8.
  2. 1 2 Clark, Patricia Roberts (2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN   978-0-7864-5169-2.
  3. ↑ Or Accawmack, Accawmacke, Accowmack, Accohanoc. [2]
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Rountree, Helen C.; Davidson, Thomas E. (1997). Eastern Shore Indians of Virginia and Maryland. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN   978-0-8139-1734-4.
  5. ↑ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 240–241.
  6. ↑ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 241.
  7. ↑ Wolfe, Brendan. "Indigenous Peoples in Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
  8. ↑ Mires, Peter B. (1994). "Contact and Contagion: The Roanoke Colony and Influenza". Historical Archaeology. 28 (3): 30–38. doi:10.1007/BF03374188. ISSN   0440-9213. JSTOR   25616316.
  9. ↑ Mires, Peter B. (1994). "Contact and Contagion: The Roanoke Colony and Influenza". Historical Archaeology. 28 (3): 30–38. doi:10.1007/BF03374188. ISSN   0440-9213. JSTOR   25616316.
  10. ↑ Rountree, Helen C. (1996). Pocahontas's people: the Powhatan Indians of Virginia through four centuries. The civilization of the American Indian series (1st paperback ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN   978-0-8061-2849-8.
  11. ↑ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 242.
  12. 1 2 3 Rountree, Helen C. (1990). Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 124–127. ISBN   978-0-8061-2849-8.
  13. ↑ "Debedeavon (fl. 1648–1664)". Dictionary of Virginia Biography . Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  14. ↑ Wise, Jennings Cropper (2009) [1911]. Ye Kingdome of Accawmacke Or the Eastern Shore of Virginia in the 17th Century. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 55. ISBN   978-0-8063-4693-9.
  15. 1 2 Feest, Christian F. (1978). Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast, Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 240–252.
  16. ↑ Or Accahanock, Accohanoc, Anancock, Accohannock, Accohanock, Oanancocke, Occoahannock, Onancock, Accotronack. [2]
  17. ↑ Christian F. Feest, "Nanticoke and Neighboring Tribes," 248.
  18. ↑ Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook, 7.
  19. 1 2 Tkacik, Christina (11 February 2018). "Maryland recognition of Accohannock tribe sparks debate within community of Native Americans". baltimoresun.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  20. ↑ "American Indigenous Accawmacke Indians". GuideStar. Retrieved 16 March 2024.

Bibliography

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