Patawomeck

Last updated

Patawomeck
Total population
800 [1] (1608)
Regions with significant populations
Virginia
Languages
Powhatan
Religion
Christianity,[ citation needed ] Indigenous religion
Related ethnic groups
Conoy, [1] Chickahominy, Rappahannock, Piscataway

The Patawomeck are a Native American tribe based in Stafford County, Virginia, who historically lived on the south side the Potomac River. [1] Patawomeck is another spelling of Potomac, which was a 17th-century town in present-day Stafford County, Virginia. [1]

Contents

In the 17th century, at the time of early English colonization, the Patawomeck tribe was a fringe component of the Powhatan Confederacy. At times it was allied with others in the confederacy, and at others, the Patawomeck allied with the English colonists.[ citation needed ]

The Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia is a state-recognized tribe in Virginia that identifies as descendants of the Patawomeck.

Name

The name of the town and the tribe, Patomeck, translates as "something brought" [1] and has been spelled Potomac, Patawomeck, Patawoenicke, Patawomekes, [2] Patamack, Patowomek, Satawomeck, and other variations. [1]

Language

The Patawomeck spoke an Eastern Algonquian language. The Patawomeck were one of 32 Algonquian-speaking peoples in the Tidewater area of present-day Virginia. Their language is now extinct.

Language revitalization efforts are underway. [3] Classes use the audio and printed materials prepared by the linguist Blair Rudes for cast members who portrayed Native Americans in the film, The New World. [4] [5] Rudes reconstructed the Algonquian language as it was spoken in coastal Virginia in the early 17th century. [6]

History

Precontact and archaeological studies

For thousands of years various cultures of Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands lived along the Potomac River and its tributaries in the coastal area. Archeological excavations have yielded much data about the precontact early cultures. At Indian Point on Potomac Creek, for instance, part of the later Patawomeck area, archeological excavations in the 1930s revealed a Native American burial ground (Potomac Creek, 44ST2). Researchers sent 134 exhumed human remains from the grounds to the Smithsonian Institution. The state-recognized Patawomeck tribe may undertake claiming the remains for repatriation and burial under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), though a tribe has to be federally recognized to utilize NAGPRA without extra petitioning. [7] [8]

More recently, a 1996 archeological study by the College of William and Mary revealed Native American artifacts dating back to the 15th century. More than 10,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly pottery sherds of the "wrapped-cord type" common among local indigenous people. While the ancient village site is protected under historic preservation laws, the land is being steadily eroded by the creek. [7] The coastal peoples were part of the Algonquian-speaking language family that coalesced into differentiated tribes from present-day New England into the southern states.

The historical Patawomeck tribe were loosely allied with the powerful Powhatan Confederacy. They were an agrarian people, who cultivated varieties of maize. They also relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering resources from their rich environment.

17th century

The first recorded European encounter was that of the English leader Captain John Smith, who visited the people in 1608 in their homeland, between Aquia Creek and Upper Machodoc Creek. He noted they were cultivating 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of corn along the Potomac River. The Patawomeck main town, also called Patawomeck, was located on the north of Potomac Creek, in present-day Stafford County. The weroance of Passapatanzy, a satellite village, was Japazeus (also spelled Japazaws or Iopassus), older brother to the main weroance.[ citation needed ]

The town Potomac was on a peninsula bordering the Potomac River and Potomac Creek. [1] At the time of first English contact, the town's werowance, or chief, rivaled Powhatan in power and influence. [1] Henry Spelman of Jamestown, an English interpreter who learned the Powhatan language, joined the werowance's household and called him King Patomecke. [1]

The Patawomeck were semi-independent of the Powhatan Confederacy of Chief Powhatan to the south. They befriended the English colonists (Captain Samuel Argall in particular), often providing them crucial assistance when the Powhatan would not. When the colonists faced starvation at Jamestown in 1609, Francis West was sent to buy corn from the Patawomeck. In a violent confrontation, he beheaded two of them and fled in his pinnace to England.[ citation needed ]

Argall made peace with the Patawomeck in 1612, during the First Anglo-Powhatan War. According to contemporary accounts by Ralph Hamor and others, on 13 April 1613, Argall, with the connivance of Japazaw in exchange for a copper kettle, was able to capture Chief Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas who lived with the Patawomeck tribe for three years. Argall was on a goods trading mission for her father.[ citation needed ]

Linwood Custalow and Angela L. Daniel wrote that Pocahontas was the wife of Kocoum, brother of the Patawomeck weroance Japazaws, and that Argall's soldiers killed Kocoum after her capture in 1613. [9] [ better source needed ]

Englishman William Strachey, secretary and recorder for the Colony of Virginia in 1610 and 1611, recorded that Pocahontas had been living married to a "private captaine called Kocoum" for two years, as of 1610–11. [10] Strachey returned to England in 1611 and later published a book on his travels. His book is considered the primary source of information on this period of Virginia history and Native peoples of the region. [11]

The Patawomeck continued to ally with the English in their conflicts with the Powhatan in 1622 (even after Captain Isaac Madison took their weroance prisoner), and in 1644. After settlers began moving into their area in the 1650s, pressures mounted in competition over resources and differing ideas of how to use land. Violent disputes followed. In 1662, Colonel Giles Brent took their weroance Wahanganoche'prisoner. After an extensive trial in Williamsburg, Wahanganoche was found not guilty and released. He was nonetheless murdered by Giles conspirators in 1663 while returning home from the trial. In October 1665, the colonial government forced the tribe to sell their remaining land to the colony for a few matchcoats. [12] [13]

In 1660, the Conoy said they had been a tributary tribe to the Patawomeck. [1]

In 1666 after continued conflicts, the English colonists declared war against several tribes in the Northern Neck, including the Patawomeck. After this, the Patawomeck disappeared from the historical record. A silver badge, issued to Wahanganoche in 1662, was found in a contemporary archeological excavation near Portobago (or Portobacco) on the Rappahannock River. It may indicate that the survivors merged with the Portobacco tribe, as did remnants of several other tribes. [14]

20th century

In 1928, the anthropologist Frank Speck wrote of the Native American population living around the original Patawomeck capital. From his studies of the Algonquian peoples, he believed they were remnants of the old Patawomeck nation. Although without solid proof they were not from another tribe, he called them the "Potomac". [15] Many families living in and around White Oak in Stafford County had oral histories linking them to the Patawomecks; these included families with the names Sullivan, Newton, Green, Bourne, Bullock, Fines, and Curtis. [16] However, racism in Virginia caused many families to hide their Indian ancestry. [16] [17] [18] In particular, Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 and the work of state Bureau of Vital Statistics registrar Walter Plecker ensured that for most of the 20th century, official records recognized Virginians as either "white" or "colored", erasing Indian heritage from the public record. [16] [17] [18]

State-recognized tribe

The Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia is one of Virginia's eleven state-recognized tribes; [19] however, it is not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. The group achieved state recognition in February 2010 [20] and had approximately 2,300 members in 2014. [21] They are trying to revive the historic Algonquian language. [4] In the 1990s, Robert "Two Eagles" Green, of Fredericksburg, organized the group and sought state recognition. [16] The tribe applied to the Virginia Council on Indians for recognition, and were told that they met five of the six criteria for recognition; however, the council felt that the Patawomecks were not able to prove that their group had continued to exist as a distinct Indian community through the years. [22] The alleged Patawomecks felt that they had sufficient evidence to prove their continuous existence as a community, and persuaded Bill Howell, Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates and representative for Stafford, to sponsor a bill for the tribe's recognition. [23] In February 2010, Las Vegas singer Wayne Newton, spoke before the House Rules Committee in support of recognition. [17] [18] [23] In the same month, the measure was passed unanimously by the House of Delegates and the state Senate, marking official state recognition of the tribe. [22] [23] The same measure granted the Patawomecks a seat on the Virginia Council on Indians. [22]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Issue 30, Part 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 294.
  2. ↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Issue 30, Part 2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1117.
  3. ↑ Alderman, Julie (10 October 2014). "How Patawomeck Descendants Strive To Preserve Their Near-Extinct Language". WAMU 88.5. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  4. 1 2 Estes, Lindley (23 November 2014). "Video celebrates Virginia Indian Heritage Month". The Free Lance—Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  5. ↑ Zitz, Michael (24 December 2005). "Stafford history goes Hollywood". The Free Lance—Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  6. ↑ Kimberlin, Joanne (10 June 2009). "Lost Indian language reconstructed for movie". The Virginian-Pilot . Norfolk, Virginia: Landmark Media Enterprises . Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  7. 1 2 Linda Wheeler, "Modern Lives Dwell in the Indian Past" Archived 25 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine , The Washington Post, 20 Oct 2002, accessed 16 March 2010
  8. ↑ National NAGPRA Frequently Asked Questions, National NAGPRA, accessed 16 March 2010
  9. ↑ Custalow, Dr. Linwood "Little Bear"; Daniel, Angela L. "Silver Star" (2007). The True Story of Pocahontas: The Other Side of History. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 43, 47, 51, 89. ISBN   9781555916329 . Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  10. ↑ Strachey, William (1849) [composed ca. 1616]. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britinia. London: Hakluyt Society. p.  54 . Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  11. ↑ Warner, Charles Dudley (31 October 2012) [first published 1881]. The Story of Pocahontas. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  12. ↑ Fairfax Harrison, 1924, Landmarks of Old Prince William, pp. 39–40.
  13. ↑ "VDOE: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Patawomeck".[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas's People, p. 122.
  15. ↑ Rountree, p. 216
  16. 1 2 3 4 Dennen, Rusty (1 October 2006). "A tribe's tale: Jamestown celebration shines new light on Patawomecks". The Free Lance—Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 Davis, Chelyen (3 February 2010). "Newton returns to back his tribe". The Free Lance—Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 Kunkle, Fredrick (3 February 2010). "Wayne Newton advocates for Virginia state recognition of Patawomeck Indian tribe". The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  19. ↑ "HJ150: Patawomeck Indian Tribe; General Assembly to extend state recognition & representation on VCI" . Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  20. ↑ Danielle Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D., A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century, "Chapter 2: Research Design", National Park Service, 2006, accessed 16 March 2010
  21. ↑ Umble, Amy Flowers (27 March 2014). "Stafford High gets real with Indian mascot". The Free Lance—Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 Davis, Chelyen (17 February 2010). "Patawomeck tribe receives recognition from the state". The Free Lance—Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 Davis, Chelyen (9 February 2010). "House backs tribal status for Virginia's Patawomecks". The Free Lance—Star . Fredericksburg, Virginia. Retrieved 21 July 2014.

References

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