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Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO3−) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products. Facultative anaerobic bacteria perform denitrification as a type of respiration that reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the oxidation of an electron donor such as organic matter. The preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most to least thermodynamically favorable include nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) finally resulting in the production of dinitrogen (N2) completing the nitrogen cycle. Denitrifying microbes require a very low oxygen concentration of less than 10%, as well as organic C for energy. Since denitrification can remove NO3−, reducing its leaching to groundwater, it can be strategically used to treat sewage or animal residues of high nitrogen content. Denitrification can leak N2O, which is an ozone-depleting substance and a greenhouse gas that can have a considerable influence on global warming.
The Thermomicrobia is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria. Based on species Thermomicrobium roseum and Sphaerobacter thermophilus, this bacteria class has the following description:
Anammox, an abbreviation for anaerobic ammonium oxidation, is a globally important microbial process of the nitrogen cycle that takes place in many natural environments. The bacteria mediating this process were identified in 1999, and were a great surprise for the scientific community. "Anammox" is also the trademarked name for an anammox-based ammonium removal technology developed by the Delft University of Technology.
Agricultural wastewater treatment is a farm management agenda for controlling pollution from surface runoff that may be contaminated by chemicals in fertiliser, pesticides, animal slurry, crop residues or irrigation water.
Paracoccus denitrificans, is a coccoid bacterium known for its nitrate reducing properties, its ability to replicate under conditions of hypergravity and for being a relative of the eukaryotic mitochondrion.
Aerobic denitrification or co-respiration the simultaneous use of both oxygen (O2) and nitrate (NO3−) as oxidizing agents, performed by various genera of microorganisms. This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in that it has a higher potential to create the harmful byproduct nitrous oxide.
Acidovorax caeni is a gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family that was isolated from the activated sludge of a wastewater treatment plant in Belgium. Colonies are yellow–brown.
Comamonas denitrificans is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile bacterium with a polar flagellum from the genus Comamonas and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from an activated sludge. Its colonies are yellow-white colored. Unlike other species of Comamonas, C. denitrificans can reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Comamonas nitrativorans is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterium from the genus Comamonas, which was isolated from a denitrifying reactor treating landfill leachate. C. nitrativorans has the ability to perform anoxic-reduction of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide to nitrogen.
Delftia tsuruhatensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile bacterium from the Comamonadaceae family, which was isolated from a domestic wastewater treatment plant in Japan.
Variovorax ginsengisoli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile bacterium from the genus Variovorax, which was isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Pocheon in South Korea. Colonies of V. ginsengisoli are yellowish in color.
Caballeronia zhejiangensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Caballeronia, which was isolated from a wastewater treatment system in China. Caballeronia zhejiangensis has the ability to degrade methyl parathion.
Advenella kashmirensis is a chemolithotrophic, mesophilic, neutrophilic, tetrathionate-oxidizing bacterium of the genus Advenella, isolated from the soil of a temperate orchard in Jammu and Kashmir in India. Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis has been reclassified to Advenella kashmirensis. The complete genome of A. kashmirensis has been sequenced.
Castellaniella caeni is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, denitrifying, nonmotile bacterium from the genus Castellaniella, isolated from the sludge of the aerobic treatment tanks of a municipal leachate treatment plant in Daejeon in the Republic of Korea.
Azonexus caeni is a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It is a root bacteria and together with Azonexus fungiphilus and Azonexus hydrophilus is one of the three species in the genus. It is Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and slightly curved rod-shaped. Slu-05T is the type strain.
Marinobacter vinifirmus is a Gram-negative, moderately halophilic, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Marinobacter which has been isolated from wine-barrel-decalcification wastewater in France.
Nocardioides daejeonensis is a gram-positive, denitrifying, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus Nocardioides that has been isolated from a sewage disposal plant at Daejeon, South Korea.
Bowmanella denitrificans is a Gram-negative, heterotrophic and denitrifying bacterium from the genus of Bowmanella which has been isolated from shallow coastal water from the An-Ping Harbour in Tainan in Taiwan.
Noviherbaspirillum autotrophicum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Noviherbaspirillum which has been isolated from rice paddy soil.
Brevundimonas denitrificans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic and denitrifying bacterium from the genus of Brevundimonas which has been isolated from deep seafloor sediments from Japan.
References
- ↑ "List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature". LPSN . Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- ↑ "Advenella faeciporci Taxon Passport". StrainInfo. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- ↑ M. Matsuoka; S. Park; S.Y. An; M. Miyahara; S.W. Kim; K. Kamino; S. Fushinobu; A. Yokota; T. Wakagi; H. Shoun (2012). "Advenella faeciporci sp. nov., a nitrite-denitrifying bacterium isolated from nitrifying-denitrifying activated sludge collected from a laboratory-scale bioreactor treating piggery wastewater" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62: 2986–2990. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.037440-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2016.