Aedes koreicus

Last updated

Aedes koreicus
Aedes koreicus 2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Aedes
Subgenus: Hulecoeteomyia
Species:
A. koreicus
Binomial name
Aedes koreicus
(Edwards, 1917)

Aedes koreicus, the Korean bush mosquito is a species of mosquito in the genus Aedes . The adults are relatively large with a black and white pattern on their legs and other body parts. Clear longitudinal lines on the dorsal part of the thorax distinguish it from Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. [1] The species bears close morphological, ecological, and genetic similarity to the Asian bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus, but can be physically distinguished by a pale basal band on the hind tarsomere. [2]

Contents

Breeding and eggs

Aedes koreicus is known to be a container breeding mosquito. [3] They lay eggs in all types of artificial containers and natural holes that are found in plants and rocks in urban, peri urban, and natural environments. [3] Aedes koreicus lay approximately 100 eggs at a time, and can lay eggs up to three times per life cycle. Ae. koreicus eggs have long survival rates due to their resistance to desiccation and have a notably high tolerance to cold temperatures. [3] Aedes koreicus are known to lay their eggs during colder temperatures in preparation for a spring hatch. [3] Adults avoid larval competition with other species in order to survive. [3] Higher temperatures result in a lower abundance of Aedes koreicus, and diminished reproduction rates.

Feeding habits

Though Aedes koreicus express opportunistic host-feeding behavior, they are known to feed on human blood meals depending on their location. [3] Depending on if they are in an urban, peri-urban, or rural area, will determine which hosts are available to feed on. Aedes koreicus feed on different species based on where they are, and which species is most locally abundant. They feed on other mammals and species such as Roe deer, which are the primary host in forested sites, whereas humans are the primary host in urban areas. [3] Aedes koreicus typically feed on the most abundant and locally available hosts. [3] Their feeding patterns depend on temperature, host availability, and host preference. Aedes koreicus show minimal to no evidence of mixed blood meals, meaning Aedes koreicus does not feed on multiple organisms or species over their lifetime. [3] Aedes koreicus displays the most odd feeding patterns in comparison to the other mosquitoes in their genus. [3] This is because other mosquitos in the Aedes genus are known to have fixed blood meals, and feed on multiple hosts throughout their lives. Aedes Koreicus feed on the most available and locally abundant. [3] There is no singular preference for Aedes Koreicus, while other Aedes mosquitos show evidence of preferred blood meals. Completion of the ovarian cycle and production of viable offspring require taking of a blood meal, [4] which means they need to feed on a host blood meal in order to reproduce and complete life cycles. Aedes koreicus is able to complete their life cycle from feeding on animals other than humans. They are not dependent on human blood meals for survival, but still feed on humans depending on availability and abundance. [5]  

Vector capabilities

Aedes koreicus vectoral capacities are estimated based on feeding habits and their blood meals. Aedes koreicus are known to feed on domestic animals, farm animals, and humans. The diversity of blood meals allows for different levels of vector capacities.  Based on their feeding patterns, Aedes koreicus can act as vectors for several different pathogens such as Chikungunya, Zika or Yellow fever. [6] Many of these viruses directly affect public and human health. Aedes koreicus can act as a vector for human-to-human transmitted viruses, as well as a vector for animal-to-human viruses. [3] Aedes koreicus are able to act as a vector for native pathogens, as well as introduced pathogens. Aedes korecius are also considered to be bridge vectors between mammals and birds. [3]  

Distribution and invasiveness

Aedes koreicus is native to Japan, northeastern China, South Korea, and southern Russia. [6] Its similarity to Ae. japonicus suggests the same potential for invasiveness and tolerance to cooler, temperate climates found at higher altitudes. [7] Transcriptomic and comparative genomic analyses have detected thermal adaptation genes shared between Ae. koreicus and Ae. japonicus but not with other aedines. [8] Cold-resistant dormant eggs allow adults to persist from late summer until autumn seasons and are believed to increase ability to establish populations in cold environments. [9]

In 2008, the species was first detected outside of its native range in an industrial area in Maasmechelen, a province of Belgium. [10] The species was first reported in the Belluno province of Italy in 2011, [11] but has since expanded to Genoa [12] and the Lombardy region. [13] Ae. koreicus has been identified in Sochi on the eastern Black Sea coast of Russia, [14] Switzerland, and Slovenia in 2013. [15] The species was found in southern Germany in 2015 and a population was established in western Germany in 2016. [16] The first appearance in Hungary and the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula was reported in 2016, in Austria in 2018, and the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021. [17]  

Public health and population control

Surveillance and sampling

While no specific surveillance for Aedes koreicus exists, distribution and biodiversity of invasive mosquitoes and vectors of pathogens is monitored by various EU initiatives, including the Belgian MODIRISK project, [18] and VectorNet, a collaboration between the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. [19] The Aedes Invasive Mosquito COST action was initiated in 2018 to promote data sharing and harmonization of European surveillance and management of relevant Aedes species [20]

Invasive mosquito species surveillance widely uses the Biogents Sentinel Trap, the Centers for Disease Control light trap, and the gravid trap. [21] The gravid trap was primarily used to collect Ae. koreicus adults in a study in Belgium. [10] A 2017 study conducted in urban and forested sites in northern Italy found that of the three standard traps tested, only the CDC light trap was unproductive in urban environments, while all types were effective in collection of Ae. koreicus adults in vegetated areas. [12]

Insecticides

Overuse of chemical control methods for vector mosquitoes has increased resistance to the widely used pyrethroid insecticides, involving knockdown resistance (kdr)-related gene mutations in vector mosquito species. [22] To date, few studies have monitored kdr resistance in Ae. koreicus and limited data from genomic sequencing detected no resistant genotypes for kdr mutation in DNA isolated from a population in the Korean Hwarang reservoir. [23] However, comparative analysis has identified several genes within the Ae. koreicus genome involved in structural protein synthesis and ion channel regulation that are plausibly involved in possible insecticide resistance mechanisms. [8]

Manipulation of mosquito-associated microbiota  

Microbial-based control measures have been developed [24] to prevent further expansion and limit the spread of mosquito-borne pathogens through introduction of entomopathogenic bacteria, endosymbiotic bacteria, and genetically engineered symbionts. [25] These methods require additional characterization of microbiota and identification of microbial symbionts within the Ae. koreicus vector species. 16S next generation sequencing of microbiomes from Ae. koreicus populations in the Trento Province of north-eastern Italy suggest Asia, Pseudomonas, and Thorsellia as potential candidates for paratransgenesis [26] and upregulation of the host immune response. [27] Wolbachia-based control interventions emerged as a possible strategy from microbiome sequencing of adults of this species collected in the Belluno Province region. [28]  

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito</span> Family of flies

Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word mosquito is Spanish and Portuguese for little fly. Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts. All mosquitoes drink nectar from flowers; females of some species have in addition adapted to drink blood. The group diversified during the Cretaceous period. Evolutionary biologists view mosquitoes as micropredators, small animals that parasitise larger ones by drinking their blood without immediately killing them. Medical parasitologists view mosquitoes instead as vectors of disease, carrying protozoan parasites or bacterial or viral pathogens from one host to another.

<i>Aedes albopictus</i> Species of mosquito

Aedes albopictus, from the mosquito (Culicidae) family, also known as the (Asian) tiger mosquito or forest mosquito, is a mosquito native to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia. In the past few centuries, however, this species has spread to many countries through the transport of goods and international travel. It is characterized by the white bands on its legs and body.

<i>Aedes</i> Genus of mosquitoes

Aedes is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: Aedes albopictus, a particularly invasive species, was spread to the Americas, including the United States, in the 1980s, by the used-tire trade.

<i>Anopheles</i> Genus of mosquito

Anopheles is a genus of mosquito first described by the German entomologist J. W. Meigen in 1818, and are known as nail mosquitoes and marsh mosquitoes. Many such mosquitoes are vectors of the parasite Plasmodium, a genus of protozoans that cause malaria in birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito is the best-known species of marsh mosquito that transmits the Plasmodium falciparum, which is a malarial parasite deadly to human beings; no other mosquito genus is a vector of human malaria.

<i>Aedes aegypti</i> Species of mosquito

Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. This mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world.

<i>Culex pipiens</i> Species of fly

Culex pipiens is a species of mosquito commonly referred to as the common house mosquito or northern house mosquito. Native to Africa, Asia and Europe, it is now widely distributed in temperate regions on every continent except Antarctica and is one of the most common mosquitoes found in human habitats in temperate parts of the northern hemisphere. A major vector of some viruses, it can be abundant in cities, especially those with poor wastewater management. It is the most common mosquito to the northern regions of the US. Culex pipiens is the type species for the genus Culex.

<i>Aedes vexans</i> Species of fly

Aedes vexans, the inland floodwater mosquito or tomguito, is a cosmopolitan and common pest mosquito.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosquito-borne disease</span> Diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes

Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes. Nearly 700 million people contract mosquito-borne illnesses each year, resulting in more than a million deaths.

<i>Aedes triseriatus</i> Species of mosquito

Aedes triseriatus is a member of the true fly order. It is called the eastern treehole mosquito due to its predilection towards breeding in stagnant water that is found in natural holding containers such as tree holes. It is native to the eastern United States and southern Canada and favors hardwood habitats. It has been found as far south as the Florida Keys, as far west as Idaho and Utah, and as far north as Quebec and Ontario. This species has not yet been found in Europe, but it has the potential to spread through international trade. In 2004, it was found in a shipment of tires travelling from Louisiana to France, but it was identified and targeted with insecticides that truncated its spread. It is a known vector of La Crosse encephalitis and canine heartworm disease. In the laboratory, it has been found to vector several other viruses including yellow fever, eastern encephalitis, Venezuelan encephalitis, and western encephalitis. Because of its potential for international spread and its proclivity for transmitting disease, monitoring the distribution of this species is essential.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hematophagy</span> Ecological niche involving feeding on blood

Hematophagy is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood. Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomatids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches are hematophagous. The spider Evarcha culicivora feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by specializing on blood-filled female mosquitoes as their preferred prey. Some fish, such as lampreys and candirus; mammals, especially vampire bats; and birds, including the vampire finch, Hood mockingbird, Tristan thrush, and oxpeckers, also practise hematophagy.

<i>Anopheles albimanus</i> Species of mosquito

Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito in the order Diptera. It is found in coastal Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico. It is a generalist species and capable of wide dispersion. A. albimanus is a common malaria vector.

<i>Anopheles stephensi</i> Species of fly

Anopheles stephensi is a primary mosquito vector of malaria in urban India and is included in the same subgenus as Anopheles gambiae, the primary malaria vector in Africa. A. gambiae consists of a complex of morphologically identical species of mosquitoes, along with all other major malaria vectors; however, A. stephensi has not yet been included in any of these complexes. Nevertheless, two races of A. stephensi exist based on differences in egg dimensions and the number of ridges on the eggs; A. s. stephensisensu stricto, the type form, is a competent malaria vector that is found in urban areas, and A. s. mysorensis, the variety form, exists in rural areas and exhibits considerable zoophilic behaviour, making it a poor malaria vector. However, A. s. mysorensis is a detrimental vector in Iran. An intermediate form also exists in rural communities and peri-urban areas, though its vector status is unknown. About 12% of malaria cases in India are due to A. stephensi.

Culex modestus is a species of blood-feeding mosquito of the family Culicidae. It has been experimentally demonstrated to be capable of transmitting West Nile virus (WNV), and its habit of feeding aggressively on both birds and humans gives it significant potential for transmission of zoonotic infections from birds to humans. It is believed to be the principle bridge vector of WNV between birds and humans in southern France and is thought to have played a role in WNV transmission in the Danube delta, Caspian and Azov sea deltas, and the Volga region in Russia. It has also been implicated in Tahyna virus and Lednice virus transmission in France and Slovakia, respectively.

Aedes africanus is a species of mosquito that is found on the continent of Africa with the exclusion of Madagascar. Aedes aegypti and Aedes africanus are the two main yellow fever vector species in Zambia. Aedes africanus is mainly found in tropical forests not near wetlands.

Aedes vittatus is a species of mosquito that was first described in 1861 as Culex vittatus from specimens collected on Corsica. In 2000, the species was transferred to the newly erected subgenus Fredwardsius as the type species representing the subgenus.

Aedes bahamensis, also known as Howardina bahamensis, is a mosquito native to the Caribbean and Bahamas, which was first discovered in two counties of southern Florida in 1986. The females of the species do not require a blood meal to produce eggs, although they will bite if starved of nectar or in order to produce a second brood. They are thought to be capable of transmitting St. Louis encephalitis.

<i>Aedes japonicus</i> Species of fly

Aedes japonicus, commonly known as the Asian bush mosquito or the Asian rock pool mosquito, was first described by Theobald in 1901 from Tokyo, Japan. They are competent arbovirus vectors known to transmit the West Nile virus as well as Japanese and St. Louis encephalitis. They are listed as an invasive species by the Global Invasive Species Database.

<i>Toxorhynchites splendens</i> Species of fly

Toxorhynchites (Toxorhynchites) splendens is a species of non-hematophagous mosquito belonging to the genus Toxorhynchites. It is widely used as a predator to control dengue mosquitoes.

<i>Aedes taeniorhynchus</i> Species of fly

Aedes taeniorhynchus, or the black salt marsh mosquito, is a mosquito in the family Culicidae. It is a carrier for encephalitic viruses including Venezuelan equine encephalitis and can transmit Dirofilaria immitis. It resides in the Americas and is known to bite mammals, reptiles, and birds. Like other mosquitoes, Ae. taeniorhynchus adults survive on a combination diet of blood and sugar, with females generally requiring a blood meal before laying eggs.

<i>Aedes scapularis</i> Species of insect

Aedes scapularis is a species of mosquito primarily found in neo-tropical regions of the Americas.

References

  1. ↑ "Aedes koreicus - Factsheet for experts". August 19, 2014.
  2. ↑ Hohmeister, Nicolas; Werner, Doreen; Kampen, Helge (2021). "The invasive Korean bush mosquito Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany as of 2020". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 575. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05077-7 . PMC   8588644 . PMID   34772448.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Montarsi, Fabrizio; Rosso, Fausta; Arnoldi, Daniele; Ravagnan, Silvia; Marini, Giovanni; Delucchi, Luca; Rosà, Roberto; Rizzoli, Annapaola (2022). "First Report of the Blood-Feeding Pattern in Aedes Koreicus, a New Invasive Species in Europe". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 15751. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1215751M. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19734-z. PMC   9492761 . PMID   36130985.
  4. ↑ Ciocchetta, Silvia; Frentiu, Francesca D.; Montarsi, Fabrizio; Capelli, Gioia; Devine, Gregor J. (2022-12-03). "Investigation on key aspects of mating biology in the mosquito Aedes koreicus": 2022.12.01.518615. doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518615. S2CID   254247960.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ Kurucz, Kornélia; Manica, Mattia; Delucchi, Luca; Kemenesi, Gábor; Marini, Giovanni (January 2020). "Dynamics and Distribution of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes koreicus in a Temperate European City". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (8): 2728. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082728 . ISSN   1660-4601. PMC   7216222 . PMID   32326530.
  6. 1 2 Cebrián-Camisón, Sonia; Martínez-de la Puente, Josué; Figuerola, Jordi (December 2020). "A Literature Review of Host Feeding Patterns of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in Europe". Insects. 11 (12): 848. doi: 10.3390/insects11120848 . ISSN   2075-4450. PMC   7760726 . PMID   33260438.
  7. ↑ Fonseca, Dina M.; Kim, Heung-Chul; Toma, Takako; Miyagi, Ichiro; Mogi, Motoyoshi; Wilkerson, Richard C.; Cameron, Emilie C. (2010). "Molecular Phylogenetics of Aedes japonicus, a Disease Vector That Recently Invaded Western Europe, North America, and the Hawaiian Islands". Journal of Medical Entomology. pp. 527–535. doi:10.1093/jmedent/47.4.527. PMC   7027316 . PMID   20695267 . Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  8. 1 2 Catapano, Paolo L.; Falcinelli, Monica; Damiani, Claudia; Cappelli, Alessia; Koukouli, Despoina; Rossi, Paolo; Ricci, Irene; Napolioni, Valerio; Favia, Guido (2023-04-12). "De-novo genome assembly of the invasive mosquito species Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus". Parasites & Vectors. 16 (1): 427. bioRxiv   10.1101/2023.04.12.534102 . doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-06048-w . PMC   10658958 . PMID   37986088. S2CID   258154138.
  9. ↑ Ganassi, Sonia; De Cristofaro, Antonio; Di Criscio, Dalila; Petrarca, Sonia; Leopardi, Chiara; Guarnieri, Antonio; Pietrangelo, Laura; Venditti, Noemi; Di Marco, Roberto; Petronio Petronio, Giulio (2022). "The new invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus as vector-borne diseases in the European area, a focus on Italian region: What we know from the scientific literature". Frontiers in Microbiology. 13: 931994. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.931994 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   9358684 . PMID   35958131.
  10. 1 2 Versteirt, Veerle; Pecor, James E.; Fonseca, Dina M.; Coosemans, Marc; Van Bortel, Wim (2012-02-13). "Confirmation of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium and description of morphological differences between Korean and Belgian specimens validated by molecular identification". Zootaxa. 3191 (1): 21. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3191.1.2 . ISSN   1175-5334.
  11. ↑ Capelli, Gioia; Drago, Andrea; Martini, Simone; Montarsi, Fabrizio; Soppelsa, Mauro; Delai, Nicola; Ravagnan, Silvia; Mazzon, Luca; Schaffner, Francis; Mathis, Alexander; Di Luca, Marco; Romi, Roberto; Russo, Francesca (2011-09-28). "First report in italy of the exotic mosquito species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus, a potential vector of arboviruses and filariae". Parasites & Vectors. 4 (1): 188. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-188 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   3203849 . PMID   21951867.
  12. 1 2 Ballardini, Marco; Ferretti, Stefano; Chiaranz, Giorgio; Pautasso, Alessandra; Riina, Maria Vittoria; Triglia, Giorgia; Verna, Federica; Bellavia, Veronica; Radaelli, Maria Cristina; Berio, Enrica; Accorsi, Annalisa; De Camilli, Marina; Cardellino, Umberto; Fiorino, Nicolò; Acutis, Pier Luigi (2019-07-05). "First report of the invasive mosquito Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and of its establishment in Liguria, northwest Italy". Parasites & Vectors. 12 (1): 334. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3589-2 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   6610922 . PMID   31277680.
  13. ↑ Negri, Agata; Arnoldi, Irene; Brilli, Matteo; Bandi, Claudio; Gabrieli, Paolo; Epis, Sara (2021-10-14). "Evidence for the spread of the alien species Aedes koreicus in the Lombardy region, Italy". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 534. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05031-7 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   8515701 . PMID   34649599.
  14. ↑ Ganushkina, Lyudmila; Lukashev, Alexander; Patraman, Ivan; Razumeyko, Vladimir; Shaikevich, Еlena (2020-11-07). "Detection of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) koreicus on the Southern Coast of the Crimean Peninsula". Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 14 (3): 270–276. doi:10.18502/jad.v14i3.4560. ISSN   2322-2271. PMC   7903358 . PMID   33644240.
  15. ↑ Suter, Tobias; Flacio, Eleonora; Fariña, Begoña Feijoó; Engeler, Lukas; Tonolla, Mauro; Müller, Pie (2015-07-30). "First report of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus in the Swiss-Italian border region". Parasites & Vectors. 8 (1): 402. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1010-3 . ISSN   1756-3305. PMC   4520022 . PMID   26223377.
  16. ↑ Werner, Doreen; Zielke, Dorothee E.; Kampen, Helge (2016-03-01). "First record of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany". Parasitology Research. 115 (3): 1331–1334. doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4848-6. ISSN   1432-1955. PMID   26614356. S2CID   253976198.
  17. ↑ Kurucz, Kornélia; Kiss, Vivien; Zana, Brigitta; Schmieder, Veronika; Kepner, Anett; Jakab, Ferenc; Kemenesi, Gábor (2016-12-01). "Emergence of Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in an urban area, Hungary, 2016". Parasitology Research. 115 (12): 4687–4689. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5229-5. ISSN   1432-1955. PMID   27511369. S2CID   253980332.
  18. ↑ Versteirt, Veerle; Dekoninck, Wouter; Bortel, Wim Van; Brosens, Dimitri (2022). "MODIRISK: Monitoring of Mosquito Vectors of Disease (inventory)". Belgian Biodiversity Platform. doi:10.15468/4fidg2.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ↑ Braks, Marieta; Schaffner, Francis; Medlock, Jolyon M.; Berriatua, Eduardo; Balenghien, Thomas; Mihalca, Andrei Daniel; Hendrickx, Guy; Marsboom, Cedric; Van Bortel, Wim; Smallegange, Renate C.; Sprong, Hein; Gossner, Céline M.; Czwienczek, Ewelina; Dhollander, Sofie; Briët, Olivier (2022). "VectorNet: Putting Vectors on the Map". Frontiers in Public Health. 10: 809763. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.809763 . ISSN   2296-2565. PMC   9013813 . PMID   35444989.
  20. ↑ Miranda, Miguel Ángel (2022-03-29). "AIMSurv: First pan-European harmonized surveillance of Aedes invasive mosquito species of relevance for human vector-borne diseases". Gigabyte (Hong Kong, China). 2022: gigabyte57. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6394647. PMC   9930523 . PMID   36824512.
  21. ↑ "Mosquito Control : Mosquito Trap and Surveillance Tools Guide" (PDF).
  22. ↑ Shin, E-Hyun; Kim, Nam-Jin; Kim, Hyun Kyung; Park, Chan; Lee, Dong-Kyu; Ahn, Young Joon; Chang, Kyu-Sik (2012-03-01). "Resistance of field-collected populations of Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in the Republic of Korea". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 15 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2011.07.009. ISSN   1226-8615.
  23. ↑ Ryu, Jihun; Hwang, Do Un; Bae, Yeon Jae; Lee, Si Hyeock; Kim, Young Ho; Lee, Seung-Yeol; Jung, Hee-Young; Choi, Kwang Shik (September 2019). "Preliminary report of knockdown resistance in Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes koreicus from Korea". Entomological Research. 49 (9): 432–435. doi:10.1111/1748-5967.12391. ISSN   1738-2297. S2CID   202858820.
  24. ↑ van Tol, S.; Dimopoulos, G. (2016), "Influences of the Mosquito Microbiota on Vector Competence", Advances in Insect Physiology, vol. 51, Elsevier, pp. 243–291, doi:10.1016/bs.aiip.2016.04.006, ISBN   978-0-12-802457-7 , retrieved 2023-04-19
  25. ↑ Huang, Yan-Jang; Higgs, Stephen; Vanlandingham, Dana (2017-02-10). "Biological Control Strategies for Mosquito Vectors of Arboviruses". Insects. 8 (1): 21. doi: 10.3390/insects8010021 . ISSN   2075-4450. PMC   5371949 . PMID   28208639.
  26. ↑ Alfano, Niccolò; Tagliapietra, Valentina; Rosso, Fausta; Manica, Mattia; Arnoldi, Daniele; Pindo, Massimo; Rizzoli, Annapaola (2019). "Changes in Microbiota Across Developmental Stages of Aedes koreicus, an Invasive Mosquito Vector in Europe: Indications for Microbiota-Based Control Strategies". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 2832. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02832 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   6914824 . PMID   31921019.
  27. ↑ Cappelli, Alessia; Damiani, Claudia; Mancini, Maria Vittoria; Valzano, Matteo; Rossi, Paolo; Serrao, Aurelio; Ricci, Irene; Favia, Guido (2019). "Asaia Activates Immune Genes in Mosquito Eliciting an Anti-Plasmodium Response: Implications in Malaria Control". Frontiers in Genetics. 10: 836. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00836 . ISSN   1664-8021. PMC   6774264 . PMID   31608103.
  28. ↑ Damiani, Claudia; Cappelli, Alessia; Comandatore, Francesco; Montarsi, Fabrizio; Serrao, Aurelio; Michelutti, Alice; Bertola, Michela; Mancini, Maria Vittoria; Ricci, Irene; Bandi, Claudio; Favia, Guido (February 2022). "Wolbachia in Aedes koreicus: Rare Detections and Possible Implications". Insects. 13 (2): 216. doi: 10.3390/insects13020216 . ISSN   2075-4450. PMC   8879236 . PMID   35206789.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.