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 Afghanistan |  Tajikistan |
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Relations between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and Tajikistan began in 1992. Afghanistan maintains an embassy in Dushanbe and a consulate in Khorugh. The current Afghanistan ambassador to Tajikistan is LTG. Mohammad Zahir Aghbar. [1] Tajikistan maintains an embassy in Kabul and a consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif, Fayzabad and Kunduz. The current Tajikistan ambassador to Afghanistan is Sharofiddin Imom. [2]
The areas which form the two countries were once connected, especially during the Samanid, Ghaznavid, and Timurid periods. After a friendship treaty in 1750 between Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan and Mohammad Murad Beg of Bukhara, the Amu Darya (Oxus River) became the official border of Afghanistan. Persian language is widely used in both countries, and there are slightly more Tajiks in Afghanistan than in Tajikistan. [3]
Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on June 15, 1992. The outbreak of the Tajikistani Civil War complicated matters as most of Tajikistan's southern border region (Khatlon and Gorno-Badakhshan) was contested between Tajik government forces (and allied Russian border guards) and the United Tajik Opposition, which was supported by forces of the Islamic State of Afghanistan. During 1992, at least 80,000 Tajikistanis sought refuge in Afghanistan. The Tajik opposition leaders enjoyed the support of the Afghan government and based themselves there, mainly Badakhshan Province. [4] [5] The civil war in Afghanistan had likewise caused refugee migration between the two countries, this time refugees from Afghanistan entering Tajikistan. [6]
Tajikistan opened its embassy in Kabul when the Karzai administration took control of Afghanistan. The consulate in Mazari Sharif was also opened in November of that year. [7] Presidents Emomalii Rahmon of Tajikistan and Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan meet on the sidelines of the 2004 Economic Cooperation Organization summit held in Dushanbe. In April 2005 Rahmon made an official visit to Afghanistan. [7] Diplomatic, business and cultural ties between the two countries have been expanding ever since. There are approximately 6,500 Afghans in Tajikistan. [8] Of these, about 500 are studying in different universities in Tajikistan. [9]
Afghanistan and Tajikistan share a roughly 1,300-kilometer (810 mi) border, most of which is in rugged terrain and is poorly protected. [10] Currently the porous border between the two countries is a major concern for both governments, as well as the international community. The border is a major route for drugs being smuggled from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe, and in mid-2009 the drug and insurgent-related violence around that border was increasing, amid militant insurgency in Pakistan's areas bordering Afghanistan. [10] [11]
Prior to the August 2021 takeover of Afghanistan by Taliban, transportation links between the two countries, such as the Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge, were slowly being rebuilt, often with help and financing from external governments. [7] [12]
Several agreements have been signed between Afghanistan and Tajikistan concerning energy. A $500 million deal was signed in September 2007 to create an energy connection from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to Afghanistan. Both Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan are trying to develop their potentially vast hydroelectric industry by selling it to South Asia, and an energy link with Afghanistan is seen as the first step in such expansion. [13]
The two governments have also agreed to construct a 1,000-megawatt hydroelectric plant on the Panj River. Its construction is funded by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Islamic Development Bank. [14]
The President of Afghanistan and some of his officials had to leave Kabul after the Taliban took over the city on 15 August 2021. The Taliban had been defeating government forces in many parts of the country over the last few months. [15] After a few days in Tajikistan, they moved to Oman and then the UAE. Like the rest of the world, Tajikistan has also not recognized Taliban as a legitimate government. [16]
Burhānuddīn Rabbānī was an Afghan politician and teacher who served as president of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996, and again from November to December 2001.
The foreign relations of Afghanistan are in a transitional phase since the 2021 fall of Kabul to the Taliban and the collapse of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. No country has recognised the new Taliban-run government, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Although some countries have engaged in informal diplomatic contact with the Islamic Emirate, formal relations remain limited to representatives of the Islamic Republic.
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital and most populous city. Tajikistan is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. It is separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. It has a population of approximately 10.6 million people.
The politics of Tajikistan nominally takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in both the executive branch and the two chambers of parliament.
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan, also known as the Tajik National Army is the national military of the Republic of Tajikistan. It consists of Ground Forces, Mobile Forces, and the Air Force, with closely affiliated forces including the national guard, border and internal troops.
The Tajikistani Civil War, also known as the Tajik Civil War, began in May 1992 and ended in June 1997. Regional groups from the Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan rose up against the newly formed government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulob regions. The rebel groups were led by a combination of liberal democratic reformers and Islamists, who would later organize under the banner of the United Tajik Opposition. The government was supported by Russian military and border guards.
Relations between Afghanistan and the United States began in 1921 under the leaderships of King Amanullah Khan and President Warren G. Harding, respectively. The first contact between the two nations occurred further back in the 1830s when the first recorded person from the United States explored Afghanistan. The United States government foreign aid program provided about $500 million in aid for economic development; the aid ended before the 1978 Saur Revolution. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was a turning point in the Cold War, when the United States started to financially support the Afghan resistance. The country, under both the Carter and Reagan administrations committed $3 billion dollars in financial and diplomatic support and along with Pakistan also rendering critical support to the anti-Soviet Mujahideen forces. Beginning in 1980, the United States began admitting thousands of Afghan refugees for resettlement, and provided money and weapons to the Mujahideen through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The USSR withdrew its troops in 1989.
Tajikistan–United States relations are bilateral relations between Tajikistan and the United States that began in 1992.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Tajikistan:
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations refer to the bilateral ties between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In August 1947, the partition of British India led to the emergence of Pakistan along Afghanistan's eastern frontier, and the two countries have since had a strained relationship; Afghanistan was the sole country to vote against Pakistan's admission into the United Nations following the latter's independence. Territorial disputes along the widely known "Durand Line" and conflicting claims prevented the normalization of bilateral ties between the countries throughout the mid-20th century. Various Afghan government officials and Afghan nationalists have made irredentist claims to large swathes of Pakistan's territory in modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Pakistani Balochistan, which complete the traditional homeland of "Pashtunistan" for the Pashtun people. Afghan territorial claims over Pashtun-majority areas that are in Pakistan were coupled with discontent over the permanency of the Durand Line which has long been considered the international border by every nation other than Afghanistan, and for which Afghanistan demanded a renegotiation, with the aim of having it shifted eastward to the Indus River. During the Taliban insurgency, the Taliban has received substantial financial and logistical backing from Pakistan, which remains a significant source of support. Nonetheless, Pakistan's support for the Taliban is not without risks, as it involves playing a precarious and delicate game. Further Afghanistan–Pakistan tensions have arisen concerning a variety of issues, including the Afghan conflict and Afghan refugees in Pakistan, water-sharing rights, and a continuously warming relationship between Afghanistan and India, but most of all the Taliban government in Afghanistan providing sanctuary and safe havens to Pakistani Taliban terrorists to attack Pakistani territory. Border tensions between Afghanistan and Pakistan have escalated to an unprecedented degree following recent instances of violence along the border. The Durand Line witnesses frequent occurrences of suicide bombings, airstrikes, or street battles on an almost daily basis. The Taliban-led Afghan government has also accused Pakistan of undermining relations between Afghanistan and China and creating discord between the neighbouring countries.
Relations between Afghanistan and Russia first emerged in the 19th century. At the time they were placed in the context of "The Great Game", Russian–British confrontations over Afghanistan from 1840 to 1907. The Soviet Union was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with Afghanistan following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. On 28 February 1921, Afghanistan and the Soviet Russia signed a Friendship Treaty. The Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan against the Basmachi movement in 1929 and 1930.
Afghanistan–India relations are the diplomatic relations between India and Afghanistan. They had been historical neighbors when India was under colonial rule and have since shared cultural ties through Bollywood and cricket.
Tajiks in Pakistan are residents of Pakistan who are of Tajik ancestry. The Tajiks are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Tajik–Turkish relations are friendly and cooperative and underlined with a legal basis of more than 30 treaties and protocols which have been signed between two countries since 1991.
The population of Afghans in Tajikistan consists largely of Afghan refugees from the various wars which have plagued neighboring Afghanistan. They form the vast majority of all refugees in Tajikistan; the other refugees in the country include a few Uyghurs and Iraqis.
Engineer Abdul Rahim was appointed the Afghan Communications Minister of the Afghan Interim Administration—the first post-Taliban government in 2002. Abdul Rahim was from the Tajik ethnic group.
Jumaboi Ahmadjonovich Khodjiyev, better known by the nom de guerreJuma Namangani, was an Uzbek Islamist militant with a substantial following who co-founded and led the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) with Tohir Yo'ldosh. The IMU received substantial Taliban patronage, and was allowed to operate freely in northern Afghanistan.
Bilateral diplomatic relations exist between Armenia and Tajikistan. The two countries are in a number of international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and the Eurasian Economic Union. Armenia is represented in Tajikistan through its embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan and has an honorary consulate in Dushanbe. Tajikistan is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Moscow, Russia. There is a small community of Armenians in Tajikistan, with many of the original population having left the country following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the following civil war in Tajikistan.
Jamaat Ansarullah or Tajikistan Taliban, is a Anti Tajikistan terrorist group based out of Badakhshan, Afghanistan. It is related to al-Qaeda and Taliban.
The Embassy of the United States in Tajikistan is a diplomatic mission of the United States of America in the Republic of Tajikistan. The embassy is located in the capital of Tajikistan, the city of Dushanbe. The country participates in the C5+1 diplomatic summit.
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