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Proteobacteria is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many others. Others are free-living (nonparasitic) and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
In taxonomy, the Methanobacteria are a class of the Euryarchaeota. Several of the classes of the Euryarchaeota are methanogens and the Methanobacteria are one of these classes.
In taxonomy, the Thermococci are a class of microbes within the Euryarchaeota.
In taxonomy, the Methanosarcinales are an order of the Methanomicrobia.
In taxonomy, Methanocalculus is a genus of the Methanomicrobiales. It contains four species:
Rhodopila globiformis is a species of bacteria, formerly known as Rhodopseudomonas globiformis. It is a motile, spherical organism. Cells can grow between 1.6 and 1.8 μm in diameter. The photopigments consist of bacteriochlorophyll aP and aliphatic methoxylated ketocarotenoids. The organism grows under anaerobic conditions in the light or under microaerophilic conditions in the dark. Biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid and a source of reduced sulfur are required as growth factors in order to cultivate this bacteria. This bacteria possesses a high potential cytochrome c2.
Desulfonatronovibrio hydrogenovorans is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is an alkaliphilic, sulfate-reducing and motile bacterium. It is obligately sodium-dependent and its type strain is Z-7935.
Pelotomaculum is a Gram-positive strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, thermophilic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Peptococcaceae.
Anaerostipes is a Gram positive and anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae. Anaerostipes occurs in the human gut. Anaerostipes may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid.
Anoxynatronum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and moderately alkaliphilic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae, with one known species.
Coprobacillus is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family of Erysipelotrichidae, with one known species.
Holdemania is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming genus from the family of Erysipelotrichaceae, with two known species: Holdemania filiformis and Holdemania massiliensis.
Alkalibacter saccharofermentans is a Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic, alkaliphilic and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Alkalibacter which has been isolated from a soda lake in the Transbaikal regio in Russia.
Persicobacter is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic, and motile genus from the family of Persicobacteraceae.
Dysgonomonas is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic genus from the family of Dysgonomonadaceae which have been isolated from human sources. Dysgonomonas bacteria can cause gastroenteritis in immunocompromised persons
Parabacteroides is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming genus from the family "Tannerellaceae".
Propionicimonas is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and facultatively anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Propionibacteriaceae with one known species.
Desulfonatronovibrio is a Gram-negative, vibrios, anaerobic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Desulfohalobiaceae with a single polar flagellum.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Parte, A.C. "Alkalibacter". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature.
- ↑ "Taxonomy - Alkalibacter". UniProt.
- ↑ Garnova, Elena S.; Zhilina, Tatjana N. (14 September 2015). "Alkalibacter". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00627. ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8.
