American involvement in the 2011 Libyan Civil War

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American involvement in the Libyan Civil War initially consisted of diplomatic initiatives and sanctions. This was followed by the implementation of the UN-mandated no-fly zone, the development of diplomatic relations with the rebels as well as humanitarian aid, bombing missions to destroy Gaddafi's military capabilities, and diplomatic assistance to the rebels.

Contents

In March 2011, five United States Air Force bombers (three B-2s and two B-1Bs) dropped bombs on at least 100 targets in Libya. [1] [2]

In June 2011, bombers thought to be from France killed nine civilians in Libya, including two toddlers. [3]

Libya did not develop a central government after the military involvement. [4]

Libyan rebels had consistently told American government officials that they did not want overt foreign military assistance in toppling Gaddafi. Instead, covert military assistance was used (including arms shipments to opposition). The plan following Gaddafi's death was to immediately begin flowing humanitarian assistance to eastern Libya and later western Libya, as the symbolism would be critically important. US sources stressed it as important that they would "not allow Turkey, Italy and others to steal a march on it".[ citation needed ]

Death of Muammar Gaddafi

Moments after it was reported that Gaddafi was killed, Fox News published an article titled "U.S. Drone Involved in Final Qaddafi Strike, as Obama Heralds Regime's 'End'", [5] noting that a U.S. Predator drone was involved in the airstrike on Gaddafi's convoy in the moments before his death. An anonymous US official subsequently described their policy in hindsight as "lead[ing] from behind". [6]

Development of American relations with the National Transitional Council

  1. On 10 March 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton met anti-Gaddafi opposition leaders during a trip to Egypt and Tunisia. [7] After the meeting between Clinton and representatives of the council, the European Union and the U.S. have decided to talk to the council without officially recognising them, in order to seek further information on the group and its goals. [8]
  2. On 17 March, ahead of a U.N vote on a no-fly zone, Under Secretary of State William J. Burns affirmed U.S. support for a no-fly zone, as well as more aggressive measures to restrain Gaddhafi, that the U.S. is investigating transferring Gaddafi's frozen assets to the rebels, and that the NTC[ who? ] may open an embassy in Washington. [9]
  3. On 29 March, the U.S. confirmed at a conference in London that it will send a formal representative to Benghazi. [10] In late April, Ambassador Gene Cretz said the U.S. was continuing to consider formal recognition of the council, but in the meantime, it is providing strong informal support, including reportedly authorizing international oil deals with rebel-held eastern Libya. [11] [12]
  4. On 13 May 2011, US National Security Adviser Tom Donilon said his government recognized the National Transitional Council as "a legitimate and credible interlocutor of the Libyan people" after meeting with Prime Minister Mahmoud Jebril. [13] White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said that the U.S. had not yet decided to fully recognize the council as Libya's sole legitimate representative body.
  5. On 24 May, the NTC opened a formal diplomatic office in Washington, D.C. (the U.S. had already had an office in Benghazi with a formal envoy for nearly two months). [10] [14]
  6. On 9 June, Clinton said, "The United States views the Transitional National Council as the legitimate interlocutor for the Libyan people during this interim period," but Washington and Benghazi indicated that the U.S. still had not committed to the same level of formal recognition as France and several other countries. [15]
  7. On 15 July, at an international conference on Libya held in Turkey, Clinton stated that the US had decided to formally recognise the NTC as the country's "legitimate authority", allowing the US to divert over $30 billion worth of Gaddafi regime funds frozen in the US to the NTC. [16]

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The international reactions to the Libyan Civil War were the responses to the series of protests and military confrontations occurring in Libya against the government of Libya and its de facto head of state Muammar Gaddafi.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahmoud Jibril</span> Libyan politician (1952–2020)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war before military intervention</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the Libyan civil war (2011)</span>

The timeline of the Libyan civil war begins on 15 February 2011 and ends on 20 October 2011. The conflict began with a series of peaceful protests, similar to others of the Arab Spring, later becoming a full-scale civil war between the forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi's government and the anti-Gaddafi forces. The conflict can roughly be divided into two periods before and after external military intervention authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (19 March – May)</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (June – 15 August)</span>

The 2011 Libyan Civil War began on 17 February 2011 as a civil protest and later evolved into a widespread uprising. After a military intervention led by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States on 19 March turned the tide of the conflict at the Second Battle of Benghazi, anti-Gaddafi forces regrouped and established control over Misrata and most of the Nafusa Mountains in Tripolitania and much of the eastern region of Cyrenaica. In mid-May, they finally broke an extended siege of Misrata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011)</span> Events following the conclusion of the First Libyan Civil War

The aftermath of the 2011 Libyan civil war has been characterized by marked change in the social and political order of Libya after the overthrow and killing of Muammar Gaddafi in the civil war that was fought in Libya in 2011. The country has been subject to ongoing proliferation of weapons, Islamist insurgencies, sectarian violence, and lawlessness, with spillovers affecting neighboring countries, including Mali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Killing of Muammar Gaddafi</span> 2011 killing in Sirte, Libya

The killing of Muammar Gaddafi took place on 20 October 2011 after the Battle of Sirte. Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed leader of Libya, was captured by NTC forces and executed shortly afterwards.

The following lists events that happened during 2011 in Libya.

References

  1. ↑ "Bombers Over Libya". Air Force Magazine. July 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-09.
  2. ↑ David Axe (July 13, 2011). "Two Bombers, 24 Hours, 100 Libyan Targets Destroyed". Wired. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  3. ↑ "Nato admits civilians died in Tripoli bombing raid". The Telegraph. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  4. ↑ Becker, Jo; Shane, Scott (2016-02-27). "Hillary Clinton, 'Smart Power' and a Dictator's Fall". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  5. ↑ "U.S. Drone Involved in Final Qaddafi Strike, as Obama Heralds Regime's 'End'". Fox News. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  6. ↑ "Gaddafi killed: A new kind of US foreign policy success". BBC News. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  7. ↑ "Clinton to meet anti-Gaddafi opposition as world weighs Libya options". Haaretz . 10 March 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
  8. ↑ Roland Lloyd Parry, G8 shies away from Libya no-fly plan, AFP, 15 March 2011
  9. ↑ הידיעות, סוכנויות (17 March 2011). לוב מאיימת: אם נותקף, נתקוף מטרות אזרחיות וצבאיות [Libya threatens: if we are attacked, we attack civilian and military targets]. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Associated Press. Retrieved 31 August 2014. בדבריו בפני ועדת החוץ של הסאנט, אמר תת-שרת החוץ האמריקאית, ויליאם ברנס, כי הממשל מבקש לאסור טיסה בשמי לוב, אך גם לאמץ פעולות נוספות מעבר לכך ובהן תקיפות אוויריות נגד מטרות צבאיות. כמו כן, ארה"ב מבקשת לאשר להעביר את נכסיו המוקפאים של קדאפי לידי המורדים כדי שיוכלו להצטייד בתחמושת וכן לחזק את האמברגו על סחר בנשק עם לוב. עוד מסר ברנס כי ייתכן שהמועצה הלאומית של המורדים בלוב תפתח נציגות בוושינגטון. [In his speech before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Senate, Undersecretary of State William Burns said that the administration seeks to ban flights over Libya, but also adopt additional actions beyond that, including air strikes against military targets. In addition, the United States seeks to approve transfer Gaddafi's frozen assets to the rebels so they can stock up on ammunition and strengthen the embargo on arms trade with Libya. Burns also said that the National Council of the Libyan rebels may open a representative office in Washington.]
  10. 1 2 Mu Xuequan (29 March 2011). "Libya's rebels say US appoints Benghazi envoy". Xinhua. Archived from the original on April 8, 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  11. ↑ "US allows oil deals with Libya's TNC". MENAFN. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on May 2, 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  12. ↑ Dougherty, Jill (27 April 2011). "U.S. still not ready to recognize Libyan opposition". CNN. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
  13. ↑ "U.S. views Libyan opposition as legitimate interlocutor". Xinhua. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  14. ↑ "NATO airstrikes pound Tripoli". CBC News . 2011-05-24. Archived from the original on 2022-09-08.
  15. ↑ Kenner, David (9 June 2011). "Clinton edges toward recognition of Libyan rebels". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  16. ↑ Lee, Matthew. "US recognizes Libyan rebels as Libyan government". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
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