Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate

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"Andy and his prime minister": Lantern slide of U.S. president Andrew Johnson drinking with the devil, painted by abolitionist and folk artist Samuel J. Reader (Liljenquist Collection, LOC) Cropped version Painted lantern slide shows Andrew Johnson drinking with the devil.jpg
"Andy and his prime minister": Lantern slide of U.S. president Andrew Johnson drinking with the devil, painted by abolitionist and folk artist Samuel J. Reader (Liljenquist Collection, LOC)
"Andy Drunk and Andy Sober": The use of "Argus I'd" here is a play on words, referring to the Ancient Greek Argus, a monster who was covered with countless eyes, replacing eye with I to suggest Johnson's self-obsession (Atchison Weekly Free Press, Atchison, Ks., Sept. 22, 1866) Andy Drunk and Andy Sober.jpg
"Andy Drunk and Andy Sober": The use of "Argus I'd" here is a play on words, referring to the Ancient Greek Argus, a monster who was covered with countless eyes, replacing eye with I to suggest Johnson's self-obsession (Atchison Weekly Free Press, Atchison, Ks., Sept. 22, 1866)
Former President Andrew Johnson photographed by Carl Giers c. 1874 (Knox Co. TN History Collection) Andrew Johnson in the 1870s.jpg
Former President Andrew Johnson photographed by Carl Giers c. 1874 (Knox Co. TN History Collection)

The Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate is the dispute, originally conducted amongst the general public, and now typically a question for historians, about whether or not Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, drank to excess. There is no question that Andrew Johnson consumed alcohol (as would have been typical for any Tennessean of his era and station); the debate concerns whether or not he was governing drunk, how alcohol may have altered his personality and disrupted his relationships, and if, when, or how it affected his political standing, and even his current bottom-quartile historical assessment. Less so today, but in his own time, Johnson's alleged drinking contributed substantially to how his peers evaluated his "attributes of mind, character, and speech...where the good ruler is temperate, Johnson is an inebriate; where the good ruler is selfless, Johnson is self-regarding; where the good ruler is eloquent, Johnson is a rank demagogue...behind all these assumptions is the still and silent image of the Great Emancipator, but that is another story." [2]

Contents

All that said, the Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate may be a case of questions without answers. Per historian Annette Gordon-Reed, "We will probably never know the extent to which alcohol was a part of Johnson's life. Not all alcoholics appear drunk in public, and his relatively solitary existence—his family was almost never with him and he had few friends—was exactly the kind of setup that allowed for unobtrusive drinking that could become a problem in a time of great emotional and physical stress." [3]

We tell them we would sooner have Andy Johnson drunk than Jeff. Davis sober, or John Breckenridge either, if he could be ever found sober.

— Rev. Dr. Hancock's Temperance Address, New York, June 1865, Buffalo Advocate

Johnson's alcohol use

According to two histories of alcohol in the United States, the country had three alcoholic presidents during the 19th century: Franklin Pierce, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses S. Grant. [4] [5] A broad overview of the human use of intoxicants asserts that Johnson was thought to "be rarely sober." [6] A scholarly examination of the consequences of illness in national leaders states, "The best-known instance of alcohol abuse in high office is that of Andrew Johnson, whose alcoholism figured in the debate concerning his impeachment." [7]

"Drunkenness, of Johnson" has 16 mentions in Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion, which puts the topic on par with "Election of 1866" and "First Military Reconstruction Act." [8] The Biographical Companion, citing the editors of The Papers of Andrew Johnson and Hans Trefousse, states that all charges/claims of Johnson being drunk "were false except for one incident [the March 4 inauguration]...Johnson was not intoxicated. He was merely falling back into ingrained stump-speaking habits...His actions did not conform to many people's ideas about how a president should behave." [8] The most famous case of Andy drunk was at his 1865 vice-presidential inauguration, but it was not the first or the last time he appeared intoxicated in public, and per historian Elizabeth R. Varon, "He never lived these incidents down, although historians contend that they were greatly exaggerated." [9] As he set out on his Swing Around the Circle tour as president, a Pennsylvania newspaper summarized the general perception (amongst his enemies, at least) of the intersection of Johnson's drinking and his politics: "From the day that Andrew Johnson took his seat as Vice President of the United to the present moment he seems to have improved every opportunity to belittle himself and disgrace the position he holds, by either bacchanalian revels, or the retailing of vile slang in partisan speeches...His stooping to blackguard private citizens was thought to be lowest depth to which drunken recklessness could drag him down, but a lower depth has been found." [10] A 1916 thesis on Johnson's era as military governor of Tennessee argued, "The habit of indulging in intoxicants, afterwards reputed as Johnson's most conspicuous personal failing as President, had, of course, been formed long before. There is no evidence that it interfered seriously with the performance of his duties, but it occasionally betrayed him into extravagance of action and expression which did him no credit." [11]

Nonetheless, after examining recollections of Johnson by Vice President Hannibal Hamlin and Interior Secretary Carl Schurz, a historian of alcoholism found that Andrew Johnson most likely met the criteria for problem drinking, based on accounts that suggest he indulged in benders, drank in "enormous" quantities, gulped down hard liquor as if it were water, drank in the morning, drank after drinking, and consumed excessive, inebriating quantities of alcohol at inappropriate times. [5] The author, James Graham, argues that "ugly behavior is symptomatic," and states that "It's probable that [Johnson's] alcoholism-driven ego played a more important role in his clash with Congress, which led to the attempted impeachment, than alcoholism-ignorant modern historians realize." [5] He also argues that alcoholism is often "not noticed outside the home until the alcoholic reaches the advanced stage of the disease and starts showing the bizarre behavior associated with the condition—such as showing up drunk on the job." [5]

Opinion of historians since 1900

HistorianYearJohnson alcoholic? Notes, quotes
James Schouler 1906No [12]
Clifton Hall 1916Yes [11]
Robert W. Winston 1928No [13] "Strangely enough, in the midst of such universal dissipation, Andrew Johnson was not overmuch afflicted with the drink habit."
Lloyd Paul Stryker 1929No [14] "Like all truly temperate men he was abstemious in food as well as drink."
George Fort Milton 1930No [15] No, per memoir of McCulloch
Howard K. Beale 1930 ?
Paul Buck 1938 ?
Peter Levin 1948 ?
Milton Lomask 1960 ?
Fay W. Brabson 1972No [16] "He did not use tobacco in any form, and was discreet in the use of liquors. As was the general habit of men in his stratum of society, and especially of men in political life, he took a social drink. His personal and political enemies made the most of even this temperate habit of drinking by resorting to deft exaggeration or by straight lying." [16]
Eric L. McKitrick 1961Drinking issue left largely unexamined [17] Mentions apparent exoneration on charges of drinking round the circle
Albert Castel 1979Inconclusive"...once again [Johnson] succumbed to oratorical self-intoxication..." [18]
Hans L. Trefousse 1989No [19]
Annette Gordon-Reed 2011Inconclusive [3]

Disordered alcohol use in Johnson's family

"Robert Johnson, son of Andy Johnson, died in Greeneville, suddenly, a few days ago. He was dissipated." (Fayetteville Observer, Fayetteville, Tenn., April 29, 1869) Robert Johnson 1869 April.jpg
"Robert Johnson, son of Andy Johnson, died in Greeneville, suddenly, a few days ago. He was dissipated." (Fayetteville Observer, Fayetteville, Tenn., April 29, 1869)

Given that alcoholism in family systems continues to be a subject of addiction research, it may be relevant that all three of Johnson's sons struggled with alcoholism, [16] quite publicly in the case of Robert Johnson —he was in the New York State Inebriate Asylum at the time of Grant's inauguration. [20] Robert died of an overdose of alcohol and laudanum, but by some historians theorize that alcohol was also involved in the youthful deaths of Charles and Frank, which are otherwise attributed to accident and tuberculosis, respectively. [21] Further, there are suggestions that David T. Patterson, who was married to Johnson's daughter Martha, had a drinking problem. During the impeachment process, Andrew Johnson himself wrote, "I have had a son killed, a son-in-law die during the last battle at Nashville, another son has thrown himself away, a second son-in-law is in no better condition. I think I have had sorrow enough without having my bank account examined by a Committee of Congress," referring to Charles, Dan Stover, Robert, and Patterson (a sitting U.S. Senator), respectively. [22] In 1891, three months before Patterson's death, a newspaper article described him as "fallen before the same terrific curse which swept away the head of [Martha Johnson Patterson's] family and three talented boys." [23] There are also two newspaper reports that William A. Browning, who worked as Johnson's personal secretary for many years, died of alcohol dependence at age 31. [24] [25]

Hans Trefousse, who wrote the most recent full-length scholarly biography of Johnson, argued, "...although his sons suffered from alcoholism, and he himself was constantly accused of it after his inauguration, it seems evident that, unlike a true alcoholic, Johnson could take or leave his liquor at will." [19]

Chronic alcoholic abuse or character flaws?

On the whole, historians seem to have concluded that Johnson's problems were not solely a consequence of whisky. W.E.B. DuBois described him as "drunk, not so much with liquor, as with the heady wine of sudden and accidental success." [26] However, " The Atlantic Monthly thought Johnson 'Egotistic to the point of mental disease,'" [2] and the two issues may have overlapped, as "Studies have shown links between narcissistic behavioral patterns and substance abuse issues." [27] In analyzing speeches that seemed like the drunken harangues of a half-deranged misanthrope, historians often find as much evidence for self-obsession as inebriation, as determined by audits of Johnson's favorite topic: himself. For example, in the official transcript of Johnson's vice-presidential inauguration speech, historian Stephen Howard Browne found "extraordinary use of the pronominal and possessive first person. In a speech of approximately 800 words, such constructions run to 28 'I's and nine 'my's. Indeed, in the first paragraph alone 'I' is deployed no less than 20 times. Now, a certain preoccupation with the self is no doubt to be expected under such circumstances, but as his audiences would learn soon enough, Johnson's phrasing here foreshadows an almost pathological fixation on his personal identity." [2]

"President Johnson addressing his fellow-citizens at Washington, February 22, 1866" (Harper's Weekly, March 10, 1866) President Johnson Addresses His Fellow Citizens at Washington, February 22, 1866.jpg
"President Johnson addressing his fellow-citizens at Washington, February 22, 1866" (Harper's Weekly, March 10, 1866)

Similarly, lowlights of the notorious Washington's Birthday speech of 1866 included its long duration, apparent ignorance of political reality, persecutory delusions, sullen resentment, thin-skinned "intolerance of criticism," egotism ("Who, I ask, has suffered more for the Union than I have?"), and more than 200 self-references. [28] [29] [30] Per historian Eric McKitrick in his ground-breaking Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1961), what the audience saw and heard was not the President under the influence of mind-altering substances but "Andrew Johnson the man, fully true to his themes of his career and character." [31] According to historian Greg Phifer, The Boston Transcript summarized Johnson's Swing Around the Circle speeches in the fall of 1866 as "beginning with thanks, continuing with 'my sacrifices, my losses, my policy,' and always including "I, I, I, My, My, Me, Me.' " [32]

Taste and preferences

Image from Swingin' Round the Cirkle, or Andy's trip to the West, together with a life of its hero by "Petroleum V. Nasby" (a satiric persona of Ohio journalist David Ross Locke) Image from Swingin' Round the Cirkle, or Andy's trip to the West, together with a life of its hero 01.jpg
Image from Swingin' Round the Cirkle, or Andy's trip to the West, together with a life of its hero by "Petroleum V. Nasby" (a satiric persona of Ohio journalist David Ross Locke)

According to Mint Juleps with Teddy Roosevelt: The Complete History of Presidential Drinking, "Andy Johnson may not have been a drunkard, but neither was he a stranger to whiskey. If one reads through his letters and bills, there is ample evidence that Johnson possessed a discernible taste for quality whiskey—and was willing to pay good money to get it." [33] A conflicting account of Johnson's taste comes from John B. Brownlow in an 1892 letter to Oliver Perry Temple: "Johnson was always perfectly indifferent to the quality of whiskey he drank, he smacked his lips and enjoyed the meanest whiskey hot and fresh from the still, with the fusil oil on it, and stuff that would vomit a gentleman..." [34] According to historian David Warren Bowen, Johnson's back-slapping, swill-chugging persona was part of a larger "almost pathetic appeal for acceptance". [34] According to DuBois, Johnson was known to consume "three or four glasses of Robertson's Canada Whiskey" per day. [26] Benjamin C. Truman, who was Johnson's personal secretary for a time during the American Civil War, said much the same, that Johnson pretty much only drank Robertson County whiskey (he refused wine with meals and disliked champagne), he avoided bars and saloons, and that four glasses a day was not unusual for him, although he didn't necessarily drink daily. [35] In the 19th century, Robertson County, Tennessee distilled more whisky than any other county in the state. [36] Robertson County produced a "distinctive" sour mash whisky that was said to be "similar to, but not quite the same as, Kentucky bourbon." [36]

The recollections of Carl Schurz, M. V. Moore, and others also suggest that Johnson would periodically isolate himself and go on multi-day binges. [37] [23] The Johnson family may have used the term "spree" to describe such binge drinking. [13] [23]

Public statements on drinking

As for Johnson's own testimony on the sale and consumption of alcohol, according The Curse of Drink: Or, Stories of Hell's Commerce: [38]

Vice-presidential inauguration (March 4, 1865)

Alexander Gardner took this photo during Lincoln's second inaugural address; Johnson, sworn in earlier in the day, is the individual seated in the front row, far right, holding his hat over his face (The Photographic History of the Civil War, 1911) The photographic history of the civil war.. (1911) (14782644103).jpg
Alexander Gardner took this photo during Lincoln's second inaugural address; Johnson, sworn in earlier in the day, is the individual seated in the front row, far right, holding his hat over his face ( The Photographic History of the Civil War , 1911)

The incident that set the stage for almost all later evaluation of Johnson's drinking habits was his floridly drunk speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate on the occasion of his swearing-in as Vice President of the United States. Serious historians describe him as "plastered," [2] and recount that he "humiliated himself before everyone of importance in Washington." [40]

The spectacle inspired a song performed at a theater on E Street: [15]

And there Great Andy Johnson got
And took a brandy-toddy hot,
Which made him drunk as any sot,
At the Inauguration.

And now to wipe out the disgrace,
The President has closed the place,
Where Andy Johnson fell from grace,—
At the Inauguration!

In the end, whether or not he exhibited clinically significant symptoms of alcoholism during his Presidency, after the March 4 spectacle at the U.S. Capitol, "it did not much matter what the truth was about his drinking habits. The truth that mattered was that he had set himself up, made himself vulnerable to charges of drunkenness at virtually every crisis that beset his late political career." [2]

Presidential inauguration (April 15, 1865)

Most of what we know about the swearing-in of Johnson comes from one wire report Andrew Johnson was sworn into office as President of the United States by Chief Justice Chase to-day at eleven o'clock.jpg
Most of what we know about the swearing-in of Johnson comes from one wire report

In 1908, former U.S. Senator William Morris Stewart published his Reminiscences, and most of the 20th chapter of the book is devoted to the abbreviated second term of Abraham Lincoln. One of the Chapter XX subtitles is "How a drunken man was sworn in as President." [41]

Trefousse, Johnson's most recent major biographer, discounts Stewart's account entirely, writing, "The falsity of these assertions is evident. Stewart's account of the swearing in is contradicted by most other contemporary sources, including a memorandum in the chief justice's papers prepared the next day. The fact that the president took his oath at a later time than eight in the morning is well attested by various newspapermen, who failed to see any sign of drunkenness or a hangover. Moreover, the cabinet meeting at noon, which Welles recorded in his diary as well as in other memoranda, is proof positive of Johnson's condition and whereabouts on the fifteenth." [19] However, some or all of these refutations appear to be responses to straw-man arguments.

Comment by contemporaries

Detail of a political cartoon about Johnson's vetoes of Reconstruction legislation; a jug sits at Johnson's feet while Secretary of State Seward pours out another drink Crop to Johnson and Seward detail of The man that blocks up the highway.jpg
Detail of a political cartoon about Johnson's vetoes of Reconstruction legislation; a jug sits at Johnson's feet while Secretary of State Seward pours out another drink
Drinkers of the Civil War era might have been served from glazed earthenware jugs (such as this contemporary creation photographed 2011) WHISKEY JUG WITH BEAR.JPG
Drinkers of the Civil War era might have been served from glazed earthenware jugs (such as this contemporary creation photographed 2011)

When Andy was really Governor of Tennessee to save money he boarded in a Livery Stable but since he is no Ass—though he "often felt his oats and oftener his rye"—he took his forage upstairs.

— Unsigned, Knoxville Daily Register, 1862 [51]

Other allegations of public inebriation

Thomas Nast's "Effect of the Vote on the Eleventh Article of Impeachment" was, compared to his grand Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum, a "simpler but meaner" depiction of Johnson. At the nadir of Nast's reputation as a Johnson hater, one art historian described this cartoon as Johnson "in crown and ermine, capering with joy over his single-vote margin in the impeachment trial. From his waist dangles a pair of scissors" (which is a mocking reference to Johnson, a former tailor, as "the knight of the goose and shears") and the bottle of bourbon that he "flourishes aloft...turned his untimely lapse from sobriety into a symbol of habitual drunkenness. It took two generations to correct the false impressions about Johnson that these cartoons helped to create." Knight of the Goose and Shears - Andrew Johnson 1868.jpg
Thomas Nast's "Effect of the Vote on the Eleventh Article of Impeachment" was, compared to his grand Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum , a "simpler but meaner" depiction of Johnson. At the nadir of Nast's reputation as a Johnson hater, one art historian described this cartoon as Johnson "in crown and ermine, capering with joy over his single-vote margin in the impeachment trial. From his waist dangles a pair of scissors" (which is a mocking reference to Johnson, a former tailor, as "the knight of the goose and shears") and the bottle of bourbon that he "flourishes aloft...turned his untimely lapse from sobriety into a symbol of habitual drunkenness. It took two generations to correct the false impressions about Johnson that these cartoons helped to create."
An old joke retold with Andrew Johnson as the main character ("Why Andrew Johnson Refused" Memphis Avalanche, Dec. 3, 1887) "Why Andrew Johnson Refused" Memphis Avalanche, December 3, 1887.jpg
An old joke retold with Andrew Johnson as the main character ("Why Andrew Johnson Refused" Memphis Avalanche, Dec. 3, 1887)

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References

  1. ↑ "Andy Drunk and Andy Sober". The Weekly Free Press. September 22, 1866. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Browne, Stephen Howard (2008). "Andrew Johnson and the Politics of Character". In Medhurst, Martin J. (ed.). Before the Rhetorical Presidency . College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 194–212. ISBN   978-1-60344-626-6 . Retrieved 2023-07-30– via Project MUSE.
  3. 1 2 Gordon-Reed, Annette (2011). Andrew Johnson: The American Presidents Series: The 17th President, 1865–1869. Holt. pp. 85–90. ISBN   978-0-8050-6948-8.
  4. ↑ Peterson, J. Vincent; Nisenholz, Bernard; Robinson, Gary (2003). A Nation Under the Influence: America's Addiction to Alcohol. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN   978-0-205-32714-0.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Graham, James (1994). Vessels of Rage, Engines of Power: The Secret History of Alcoholism. Lexington, Virginia: Aculeus Press. pp. xviii, 32–33, 150, 152–155. ISBN   978-0-9630242-5-1. LCCN   93-70831.
  6. ↑ Siegel, Ronald K. (2005). Intoxication: The Universal Drive for Mind-Altering Substances. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 260. ISBN   978-1-59477-069-2.
  7. ↑ Post, Jerrold M.; Robins, Robert S. (1995). When Illness Strikes the Leader: The Dilemma of the Captive King. Yale University Press. p. 74. ISBN   978-0-300-06314-1.
  8. 1 2 3 Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczek, Richard (2001). Andrew Johnson: a biographical companion. ABC-CLIO biographical companions. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 36 (Blair), 88 (drunkeness of), 306–307, 360 (index). ISBN   978-1-57607-030-7.
  9. ↑ "Andrew Johnson: Family Life". Miller Center, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  10. ↑ "National Humiliation". The Bedford Inquirer. September 7, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-09– via Newspapers.com.
  11. 1 2 3 Hall, Clifton Rumery (1916). Andrew Johnson, military governor of Tennessee. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 154 (Nashville 1864), 219.
  12. ↑ Lenihan, Mary Ruth Logan (1986). Reputation and history: Andrew Johnson's historiographical rise and fall (Master of Arts thesis). University of Montana. ProQuest   EP36186.
  13. 1 2 Winston, Robert W. (1928). Andrew Johnson, plebeian and patriot. New York: H. Holt and company. pp. v. (prefatory note), 104 (drinking), 125 (Charleston spree), 268 (Ezekiel) – via HathiTrust.
  14. ↑ Stryker, Lloyd Paul (1929). Andrew Johnson; a study in courage. New York: The Macmillan company. p. 209 – via HathiTrust.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Milton, George Fort (1930). The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and The Radicals. Coward-McCann, Inc. pp. 150 (song), 335 (Pomeroy), 367 (Swing Round the Circle, Cleveland & St. Louis) – via Internet Archive.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Brabson, Fay Warrington (1972). Andrew Johnson: a life in pursuit of the right course, 1808-1875: the seventeenth President of the United States. Durham, N.C.: Seeman Printery. pp. 120–121 (inaugural), 126 (feeling of responsibility after Lincoln), 263 (social drinking), 264 (sons), 293 (Edgar Welles), 306 (Patterson). LCCN   77151079. OCLC   590545. OL   4578789M.
  17. ↑ Eric L. McKitrick (1988). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. p. 292. ISBN   978-0-19-505707-2 – via Internet Archive.
  18. ↑ Castel, Albert (1979). The Presidency of Andrew Johnson. Regents Press of Kansas. pp. 33 (June 1865), 90 ("self-intoxication"). ISBN   978-0-7006-0190-5.
  19. 1 2 3 Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). Andrew Johnson: A Biography. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 34 (appearance), 190 (kiss Bible), 191 (drinking), 195 (inauguration). ISBN   978-0393317428.
  20. ↑ "Death of Robert Johnson". Elyria Independent Democrat. Elyria, Ohio. April 28, 1869. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-06-16– via Newspapers.com.
  21. 1 2 Bergeron, Paul H. (2001). "Robert Johnson: The President's Troubled and Troubling Son". Journal of East Tennessee History. 73. Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society: 1–22. ISSN   1058-2126. OCLC   760067571.
  22. ↑ Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy by David O. Stewart page 83
  23. 1 2 3 4 "A. Johnson, Tailor – The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled". Public Ledger. Vol. 26. Memphis, Tenn. August 17, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-07-10– via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "White House Reminiscences: Victims of Intemperance and Insanity". Chicago Evening Post. May 14, 1869. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  25. ↑ "Death of Col. Browning". The Wilmington Herald. March 7, 1866. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-06-26– via Newspapers.com.
  26. 1 2 DuBois, W.E.B. (1935). "Transubstantiation of a Poor White". Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1888 . New York: Russell & Russell – via Internet Archive.
  27. ↑ Hochenberger, Kristy Lee (September 4, 2021). "The Addiction of Narcissism". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  28. ↑ "Remembering the Craziest First Year for an American President". InsideHook. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  29. ↑ "The Politics of Andrew Johnson". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  30. ↑ "Andrew Johnson Archives". The Saturday Evening Post. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  31. ↑ Eric L. McKitrick (1988). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. p. 292. ISBN   978-0-19-505707-2 – via Internet Archive.
  32. ↑ Phifer, Gregg (1952). "Andrew Johnson Delivers His Argument". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 11 (3): 212–234. ISSN   0040-3261.
  33. ↑ Will-Weber, Mark (2014). Mint Juleps with Teddy Roosevelt: The Complete History of Presidential Drinking. Washington, D.C.: Regenery History. p. 152 (whiskey orders). ISBN   978-1621572107.
  34. 1 2 Bowen, David Warren (1989). Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 40 ("pathetic appeal"), 174 (note 35: Brownlow letter). ISBN   978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN   88009668. OCLC   17764213.
  35. 1 2 "Andrew Johnson's Habits". The News and Observer. January 5, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  36. 1 2 3 Gaston, Kay Baker (1984). "Robertson County Distilleries, 1796–1909". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 43 (1): 49–67. ISSN   0040-3261. JSTOR   42626422.
  37. 1 2 Schurz, Carl; Dunning, William Archibald; Bancroft, Frederic (1907). The reminiscences of Carl Schurz ... New York: The McClure Company. p. 196.
  38. 1 2 3 Shaw, Elton Raymond; Wooley, John G. (1910). The Curse of Drink: Or, Stories of Hell's Commerce; a Mighty Array of True And Interesting Stories And Incidents. Grand Rapids. pp. 491, 494 – via HathiTrust.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ↑ Harris, William C. (July 1, 2009). Lincoln's Last Months. Harvard University Press. p. 141. ISBN   978-0-674-03836-3.
  40. ↑ Mukunda, Gautam (2022). Picking Presidents: How to Make the Most Consequential Decision in the World. University of California. pp. 101 (humiliation), 105 (tragedy). ISBN   978-0520977037. LCCN   2021060597.
  41. ↑ Stewart, William M.; Brown, George Rothwell (1908). Reminiscences of Senator William M. Stewart, of Nevada; ed. by George Rothwell Brown. New York: Neale Pub. Co. pp. 188–196.
  42. ↑ Col. Forney (December 7, 1878). "Anecdotes of the Vice Presidents". The Saturday Evening Review. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  43. ↑ "Haven on Grant: Extract from Bishop Haven's Oration at Woodstock". The Nebraska State Journal. July 17, 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-07-09– via Newspapers.com.
  44. ↑ "Grant and Johnson". The Tennessean. October 29, 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  45. ↑ McCulloch, Hugh (1888). Men and measures of half a century; sketches and comments. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 373–375.
  46. ↑ Dana, Charles A. (1898). Recollections of the Civil War: with the leaders at Washington and in the field in the sixties. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 105–106.
  47. ↑ "A Powerful Defense and Vindication of Andrew Johnson". The Bristol Evening News. September 11, 1908. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-08-02. & "Brownlow (2 of 2)" Newspapers.com, The Bristol Evening News, September 11, 1908, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bristol-evening-news-brownlow-2-of/129329833/
  48. ↑ United States Congress (1909). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. Vol. 43. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3197–3201 – via Google Books.
  49. ↑ Crook, W. H.; Gerry, Margarita Spalding (1910). Through five administrations. New York and London: Harper & brothers. p. 83.
  50. ↑ Depew, Chauncey M. (1924). My memories of eighty years. New York: C. Scribner's sons. pp. 49–50 – via HathiTrust.
  51. ↑ "A Trump Card—Now Andy Johnson 'Makes His Jack'". The Daily Register. November 22, 1862. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-07-09– via Newspapers.com.
  52. ↑ Berkelman, Robert. "Thomas Nast, Crusader and Satirist." New Mexico Quarterly 27, 3 (1957). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmq/vol27/iss3/3
  53. ↑ "The President's Speech". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 23, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  54. ↑ Butler, Benjamin F.; Miscellaneous Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) (1866). Lecture delivered at the Brooklyn academy of music. pp. 11–12.
  55. ↑ "Delaware Gazette and State Journal 31 Aug 1866, p. 2". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  56. ↑ "Tears". White Cloud Kansas Chief. August 30, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  57. ↑ "(2) 1866 Letters re: Politics, President Johnson is a Drunk!". Fleischer's Auctions. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  58. ↑ Wise, John S. (1906). Recollections of thirteen presidents. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. pp. 111–112 – via HathiTrust.
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