Antinuclear antibodies are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus. In normal individuals, the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins (antigens) but not to human proteins (autoantigens). In some individuals, antibodies to human antigens are produced.
Nucleoproteins are any proteins that are structurally associated with nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA. Typical nucleoproteins include ribosomes, nucleosomes, and viral nucleocapsid proteins.
Extractable Nuclear Antigens are over 100 different soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens. Autoantibodies to these antigens are associated with particular connective tissue disorders.
Dr. Gideon Dreyfuss is the Isaac Norris Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012.
In molecular biology, LSm proteins are a family of RNA-binding proteins found in virtually every cellular organism. LSm is a contraction of 'like Sm', because the first identified members of the LSm protein family were the Sm proteins. LSm proteins are defined by a characteristic three-dimensional structure and their assembly into rings of six or seven individual LSm protein molecules, and play a large number of various roles in mRNA processing and regulation.
U1 spliceosomal RNA is the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of U1 snRNP, an RNA-protein complex that combines with other snRNPs, unmodified pre-mRNA, and various other proteins to assemble a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. Splicing, or the removal of introns, is a major aspect of post-transcriptional modification, and takes place only in the nucleus of eukaryotes.
The U4 small nuclear Ribo-Nucleic Acid is a non-coding RNA component of the major or U2-dependent spliceosome – a eukaryotic molecular machine involved in the splicing of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). It forms a duplex with U6, and with each splicing round, it is displaced from the U6 snRNA in an ATP-dependent manner, allowing U6 to re-fold and create the active site for splicing catalysis. A recycling process involving protein Brr2 releases U4 from U6, while protein Prp24 re-anneals U4 and U6. The crystal structure of a 5′ stem-loop of U4 in complex with a binding protein has been solved.
Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes.
rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FBL gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPD1 gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPB gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPN gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPD2 gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPE gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Sm D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPD3 gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPF gene.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPG gene.
U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPC gene.
