Ardjoeno-class sloop

Paddle Steamer Zr Ms Gedeh (1874) after 1884
Class overview
Name	Ardjoeno class
Builders	Rijkswerf Amsterdam, Rijkswerf Rotterdam
Operators	Royal Netherlands Navy
General characteristics
Type	paddle steamer sloop
Displacement	1,486-1,529 t [1]
Length	56.00 m (183 ft 9 in)-57.20 m (187 ft 8 in) [1]
Beam	10.70 m (35 ft 1 in)(outside) [1]
Draught	4.80 m (15 ft 9 in) [1]
Installed power	300 nominal horsepower [1]
Speed	9.5–11 knots (17.6–20.4 km/h)(trials)
Complement	150
Armament	8 guns

The Ardjoeno class was a ship class of paddle-steamers of the Royal Netherlands Navy . The class comprised Ardjoeno, Gedeh (1850), Amsterdam and Gedeh (1874).

Context

The Dutch East Indies

After the Netherlands had regained their independence in 1813, the United Kingdom returned the former Dutch possessions in nowadays Indonesia and Malaysia. The Netherlands then had to reinstate their authority in the far east, but this was not easy for the small and ruined country. The English were soon encroaching on their territory and founded Singapore in 1819, causing huge damage to Dutch interests. It was an ultimate consequence of the Dutch not being able to put up a fight against the United Kingdom, but this was not all.

The Dutch had a low measure of actual control of their East Indian possessions. Outside their few centers of power, most of their rule was indirect, via local rulers. Without actual control of more remote parts of the Indonesian archipelago, other states could occupy territory without immediately coming to blows with the Dutch military. In such cases it was doubtful whether the international community would see the invading state as the aggressor. This would be especially the case if a territory was plagued by piracy.

Steamships for the Indies

In the vast area of the Dutch East Indies the Dutch had a surprisingly limited number of ships. On 1 January 1842 these were: The guard ship Van Speijk (later Medusa), The medium frigates Bellona (44) and Rotterdam (28), the corvettes Triton (28). Argo (32), and Boreas (28), the brigs Koerier (18), Panter (18), Meermin (18), Vliegende Visch (14), Postillon (14) and two other brigs, 10 schooners, 5 row-gunboats, the paddle-steamer Phoenix (7), and the iron paddle-steamers Banda (ex-Hekla) and Etna (ex-Ternate). ^[2]

On 1 June 1842 RA J.G. Rijk started as director for the navy. ^[2] What was above all necessary were steamships and small well-sailing vessels. ^[3] One can imagine that the heavier units of the Dutch fleet could easily defeat pirates, but then they first needed catch up with the pirates. For the schooners their supremacy over pirate ships was not that obvious. On 5 July 1842 the navy schooner Krokodil was attacked in Bali Strait by 7 pirate ships which tried to board her. The attacks were repealed with the loss of four wounded and some damage to the ship. ^[4]

In 1844 the paddle steamers Bromo and Merapi arrived in the Dutch East Indies. These each had two 22 cm grenade guns and six medium 30-pounder cannon, 220 nominal hp, and displaced 1,367 t. The later influential writer M.H. Jansen was impressed by the Bromo class. He described the ideal type of steamship for the Indies as a 450-550 hp ship, modeled on Bromo, and with suitable arrangements to embark and land troops. ^[5] He also thought to give these ships high caliber grenade guns (60-pounders) as well as some high caliber Smooth Bore Muzzle Loading cannon (36-pounders). ^[6]

While naval minister (since 18 June 1844) Rijk had not ordered the Bromo class, he did order the Ardjoeno class.

Ordering and construction

Construction

Construction started when on 4 February 1848 Ardjoeno was laid down at the Rijkswerf Amsterdam.

Naming

Adjoeno was named after Arjuno-Welirang, a volcano on Java. Gedeh was named after Mount Gede on Java. Amsterdam was first named Salak, after Mount Salak on Java.

Characteristics of the Ardjoeno class

HNLMS Amsterdam (1852) in 1854

Design

As regards dimensions, the Ardjoeno class was the biggest steamship built up to that date in the Netherlands. ^[7] The class was only about 10% larger than the preceding Bromo class, and might have had the same armament from the start. The real difference was a 36% increase in engine power.

Armament

When Ardjoeno arrived in Nieuwediep in April 1850, it had 2 grenade guns of 80 pound, 4 'grenade guns' of 30 pound, and 2 long 'grenade guns' of 30 pound. ^[8] What was probably meant was 2 * 80-pdr grenade guns, 4 medium 30-pdr, 2 long 30-pdr. On 1 January 1869 Ardjoeno and Amsterdam were said to have 2 grenade guns of 80 pounds, and 6 long 30-pounders. ^[9]

Propulsion

The Ardjoeno class had two engines which combined generated 300 nominal hp. The engines of Ardjoeno were made by Fijenoord, ^[10] those for Gedeh ^[11] by Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel. On 30 May 1850 Ardjoeno made her first trial run from Nieuwdiep. The machinery was good, but had an unexpectedly high coal consumption. In a head wind Ardjoeno made 9.5 knots, with a tail wind 11 knots. It was noted to be faster than other steamships of the Dutch navy ^[12]

The class had three masts with a barque sail plan. The second Gedeh is shown on photographs without a mizzen mast.

Construction dates

The fourth ship of the class, HNLMS Gedeh (1874), is a special case. During the treatment of the 1871 budget for the East Indies, there was talk about a plan to build a new ship of the Gedeh type in order to re-use the steam engines of Gedeh (1850). Critics disapproved the idea, saying that a smaller ship could do the same service, and that the old machinery was very inefficient. ^[13] Nevertheless, in Surabaya construction of 'a paddle-steamer first class of 300 hp (type Amsterdam)' was started. ^[14] Later, authorities concluded that the duties of the big paddle-steamers could indeed be done more efficiently by smaller ships, and in May 1873 they decided to finish Gedeh (1874) as a Guard ship. ^[15]

Name	Built by	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fate
Ardjoeno (ex-Pluto)	Rijkswerf Amsterdam	4 February 1848 [9]	3 September 1849 [16]	1 April 1850 [17]	Sold 6 December 1873 [18]
Gedeh (1850)	Rijkswerf Rotterdam	25 October 1848 [19]	26 April 1850 [20]	16 April 1851 [21]	Sold 29 November 1862 [22]
Amsterdam (ex-Salak)	Rijkswerf Amsterdam	13 Juni 1850 [9]	19 February 1852 [23]	16 May 1853 [24]	Decomm. 20 March 1872 [25]
Gedeh (1874)	M.E. Surabaya	10 June 1871 [26]	17 June 1874 [27]	c. Oct 1875	Decomm. 1 June 1899 [28]

Notes

1. Tideman 1880, p. 2nd part 7.
2. Backer Dirks 1876, p. 427.
3. Backer Dirks 1876, p. 440.
4. "Binnelandsche Berigten". Nederlandsche staatscourant. 11 January 1843.
5. Jansen 1849, p. 54.
6. Jansen 1849, p. 55.
7. "'s Gravenhage 30 Augustus". N.R.C. 31 August 1849.
8. "Den Helder, 5 Mei". Algemeen Handelsblad. 7 May 1850.
9. Departement van Marine 1869, p. 116.
10. "Aan de redactie van het Handelsblad". Algemeen Handelsblad. 21 January 1850.
11. "Binnenland". Algemeen Handelsblad. 31 July 1851.
12. "Den Helder, 31 Mei". N.R.C. 3 June 1850.
13. "Begrooting van Nederlandsch-Indië voor het dienstjaar 1871". Bataviaasch handelsblad. 5 December 1870.
14. Van Bosse 1871, p. 273.
15. Van de Putte 1873, p. 62.
16. "Uit Amsterdam den 3 dezer". Middelburgsche courant. 6 September 1849.
17. "Rotterdam, 12 Maart". N.R.C. 13 March 1850.
18. "Samarang". De locomotief. 8 December 1873.
19. "Rotterdam den 25 Octobre". Rotterdamsche courant. 26 October 1848.
20. "Rotterdam, 26 April". N.R.C. 27 April 1850.
21. "Hellevoetsluis, 29 Maart". Algemeen Handelsblad. 31 March 1851.
22. "Kolonien". Rotterdamsche courant. 27 January 1863.
23. "Binnenlandsche Berigten". Nederlandsche Staatscourant. 22 February 1852.
24. "Binnenlandsche Tijdingen". Middelburgsche courant. 21 May 1853.
25. Van de Putte 1873, p. 61.
26. "Nederlandsch-Indië". Java-Bode. 16 June 1871.
27. "Javasche Courant". Java-Bode. 30 June 1874.
28. "Ned. Oost-Indië". Het nieuws van den dag. 26 June 1899.

References

• Departement van Marine (1869), "Algemeen Overzicht der schepen en vaartuigen van oorlog op den 1 Januarij 1869", Koninklijke Nederlandsche Marine (in Dutch), De Gebroeders van Cleef: 103–119
• Backer Dirks, J.J. (1876), De Nederlandsche Zeemagt in hare verschillende tijdperken geschetst (in Dutch), vol. IV, J.C. de Buisonjé, Nieuwediep
• Jansen, Marin Henri (1849), De Zeemagt hare zamenstelling en sterkte (in Dutch), Gebroeders Belinfante, 's Gravenhage
• Tideman, B.J. (1880), Memoriaal van de Marine (in Dutch), Van Heteren Amsterdam
• Van de Putte, F. (1873), Koloniaal Verslag van 1873 (PDF)
• Van Bosse (1871), Koloniaal Verslag van 1871 (PDF)