Arizona SB 1062

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Arizona SB 1062 was an Arizona bill to amend an existing law to give any individual or legal entity an exemption from any state law if it substantially burdened their exercise of religion, including Arizona law requiring public accommodation.

Contents

It was one of several similar bills in U.S. state legislatures allowing individuals to refuse service based on religion, with some bills specifically protecting religious disapproval of same-sex marriage. [1] It was widely reported as targeting LGBT people, although Arizona law at the time provided no protection against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. [2] Critics noted that it would have broadly denied anyone service on religious grounds. Supporters argued that it was simply restoring the legal status of the right to free exercise of religion as intended by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. [3]

The bill was passed by the Republican-controlled state legislature and vetoed by Republican Governor Jan Brewer on February 26, 2014. [4] [5]

The national controversy surrounding the bill prompted Arizona State Senator Steve Gallardo to publicly come out as gay. [6] He referred to the bill as a "game changer," and noted the national controversy surrounding its passage, as prompting his decision. [7]

Background

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Employment Division v. Smith (1990) that a person may not defy neutral laws of general applicability, such as public accommodation laws, as an expression of religious belief. "To permit this," wrote Justice Scalia, "would make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land, and in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself." He wrote that neutral laws of general applicability do not have to meet the standard of strict scrutiny, because such a requirement would create "a private right to ignore generally applicable laws". Strict scrutiny would require a law to be the least restrictive means of furthering a compelling government interest. The meaning of neutral law of general applicability was elaborated by the court in 1993. The US Congress responded by passing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), requiring strict scrutiny when a neutral law of general applicability "substantially burden[s] a person's exercise of religion". When the Supreme Court ruled in 1997 that the RFRA was inapplicable to state laws, [3] some states passed their own Religious Freedom Restoration Acts, including the Arizona law that SB 1062 proposed to amend. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the federal RFRA as applied to federal statutes in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal in 2006.

Arizona lawmakers were concerned about a 2013 New Mexico Supreme Court ruling that weakened its state's RFRA, [8] which was passed as a religious exemption to its own public accommodation law prohibiting the denial of services based on a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. [8] Twenty-one states, not including Arizona, have similar public accommodation laws protecting sexual orientation. [8] The New Mexico Supreme Court ruled in Elane Photography v. Willock that the state's RFRA could not be invoked between two parties if the government was not a party to the legal proceedings. [8]

The bill was introduced by Senator Steve Yarbrough to amend a law currently giving religious assemblies or institutions a religious exemption from any law. The bill was passed by the Republican-controlled Senate on February 19, along party lines and passed by the state House on February 20. [1] [9] The vote tally in the Senate was 17 for, 13 against, and in the House, 33 for, 27 against. [9] On February 26, Governor Jan Brewer vetoed the bill after significant national attention. [4] [10] [11] [12] There are not enough votes in the legislature to override the veto. [13]

Following the veto, Senator Steve Gallardo, one of the bill's most strident opponents, came out as gay. He identified the day that the bill passed the Senate as a "game changer". [7]

Content

SB 1062 was intended to amend Section 41-1493 of the Arizona Revised Statutes, which prevents "any law, including state and local laws, ordinances, rules, regulations and policies" from "substantially burden[ing]" a person's exercise of religion, unless the burden is the least restrictive means of furthering a "compelling government interest". SB 1062 would have revised it by expanding the definition of person in the article from "a religious assembly or institution" to also include "any individual, association, partnership, corporation, church," "estate, trust, foundation or other legal entity", [14] and would have allowed for religious-freedom as a claim or defense in lawsuits "regardless of whether the government is a party to the proceeding." [14]

Criticism

While proponents said the bill was intended to protect the right of business owners to refuse services based on religious objections and was a direct response to the New Mexico Supreme Court's ruling in Elane Photography v. Willock [3] against a business that religiously objected to accommodating a same-sex wedding, critics, a few media outlets, and opponents argued that the intent was to allow businesses to refuse to serve the LGBT community, specifically in the cases of same-sex couples. [15] [16] Critics said that the bill would have allowed any business to discriminate against any group of people for any religious reason. [8] [17]

Businesses, civil rights groups, and gay rights groups had opposed the bill. [8] As state law already allows businesses to refuse services to anyone for any given reason, business owners noted that refusing services to LGBT people was currently allowed anyway. They would only be losing business by discriminating and do not need extra protections for something they cannot be sued for. [8] Erwin Chemerinsky, dean of the UC Irvine law school, argued that the bill was harmful and "sends a message that the state is bigoted." [8] Supporters of the bill included two conservative groups, the Center for Arizona Policy and the Alliance Defending Freedom, both of whom worked on the bill. [8] The Arizona Catholic Conference had called on its congregants to support the bill. [8] Three lawmakers who initially voted for the bill, including Senate Majority Whip Adam Driggs, had encouraged Governor Brewer to veto it. [18]

The National Football League stated that it was "following the issue in Arizona and will continue to do so should the bill be signed into law", prompting concerns from Arizona business leaders that signing of SB1062 would lead to the pulling of Super Bowl XLIX, similar to how Super Bowl XXVII was moved to Pasadena, California after a Martin Luther King Jr. Day ballot measure failed in Arizona's 1990 elections. The issue was rendered moot by the vetoing of the bill. [19]

Similar legislation in other states

Arizona SB 1062 was similar, at the time, to bills in five other states—South Dakota, Kansas, Idaho, Tennessee, Colorado, and Maine—that all failed or faced major setbacks as of February 2014. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Other bills centered on the same core issues are:

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. 1 2 Shadee Ashtari (February 20, 2014). "Ashtar, Shadee. Arizona Senate Passes Bill Allowing Discrimination On Basis Of Religious Freedom. Huffington Post. 02-20-2014". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  2. ↑ "Public Accommodation Discrimination". Arizona Attorney General. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "Religious Freedom Restoration Act: SB 1062". Center for Arizona Policy. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  4. 1 2 Santos, Fernanda (February 26, 2014). "Governor of Arizona Vetoes Bill on Denying Service to Gays". The New York Times . Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  5. ↑ Shoichet, Catherine E.; Abdullah, Halimah (February 26, 2014). "Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer vetoes controversial anti-gay bill, SB 1062". CNN News . Retrieved March 27, 2014.
  6. ↑ Arizona's Anti-Gay Bill Inspired This State Lawmaker To Come Out
  7. 1 2 Pitzl, Mary Jo (March 5, 2014). "Arizona Sen. Gallardo discloses he's gay". Arizona Central. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dave, Paresh (February 22, 2014). "Dave, Paresh. Q&A: What's behind Arizona plan to let businesses refuse to serve gays? Los Angeles Times. 02-22-2014". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  9. 1 2 "Format Document". Azleg.gov. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Wingett Sanchez, Yvonne. SB 1062 forcing Brewer to consider issues tied to faith, discrimination. The Arizona Republic. 02-23-2014". Azcentral.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  11. ↑ Bill Chappell; Mark Memmott (February 26, 2014). "Arizona Gov. Brewer Vetoes Controversial Bill". NPR. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  12. ↑ Abdullah, Halimah (February 26, 2014). "Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer vetoes SB 1062". CNN. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  13. ↑ Christie, Bob (February 26, 2014). "Arizona governor vetoes bill allowing religious reasons for refusing service to gays". StarTribune. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Text of the Senate Bill 1062" (PDF). Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Fischer, Howard. Bill allowing discrimination on religious grounds is offered. Arizona Daily Star. 01-16-2014". Azstarnet.com. January 16, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Sanchez, Ray and Miguel Marquez. Arizona lawmakers pass controversial anti-gay bill. CNN/cnn.com. 02-21-2014". Cnn.com. February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Fischer, Howard. Arizona Senate: Business owners can cite religion to refuse service to gays. Arizona Daily Star. 02-19-2014". Azstarnet.com. February 19, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Pitzl, Mary Jo. 3 GOP senators who voted for SB 1062 asking Brewer to veto bill. The Republic | azcentral.com. 02-24-2014". Azcentral.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  19. ↑ Wilson, Ryan (February 25, 2014). "Business leaders worried bill could prompt NFL to relocate Super Bowl" . Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  20. ↑ Fuller, Jaime (February 24, 2014). "The Arizona 'religious rights' bill — and where the fight might move next". The Washington Post.
  21. ↑ Merevick, Tony (February 19, 2014). "In One Day, Bills Allowing Anti-LGBT Discrimination Fail In Four States". Buzz Feed.
  22. ↑ Merevick, Tony (February 19, 2014). "Arizona Senate Passes Bill Allowing Religious-Based Discrimination". Buzz Feed.
  23. ↑ "Maine Senate nixes bill aimed at protecting religious freedom; opponents say it's unnecessary". The Republic. February 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  24. ↑ Bookman, Jay (February 24, 2014). "Georgia may follow Arizona's anti-gay lead".
  25. ↑ "Religious freedom bills: The latest effort to counter advances in marriage equality – LGBTQ Nation". Lgbtqnation.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  26. ↑ Fuller, Jaime. "The Arizona 'religious rights' bill — and where the fight might move next". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  27. ↑ Vogellas, Ed (February 26, 2013). "Cegavske introduces Religious Freedom Act; called discriminatory in other states | Las Vegas Review-Journal". Reviewjournal.com. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  28. ↑ "SB 192 – Nevada 2013 Regular Session". Open States. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Constitutional Measure No. 3 – North Dakota June 2012". One Common Ground. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
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