In Italy, after the Second World War, many armed, paramilitary, far-right organizations (Italian : organizzazioni armate, paramilitari, di estrema destra) were active, as well as far-left ones.
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In Italy, after the Second World War, many armed, paramilitary, far-right organizations (Italian : organizzazioni armate, paramilitari, di estrema destra) were active, as well as far-left ones.
The attempt to endorse the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) by the Tambroni Cabinet, in 1960, led to rioting and was short-lived. [1] Widespread labor unrest and the collaboration of countercultural student activist groups with working class factory workers and pro-labor radical leftist organizations such as Potere Operaio and Lotta Continua culminated in the so-called "Hot Autumn" of 1969, a massive series of strikes in factories and industrial centres in Northern Italy. [1] Student strikes and labour strikes, often led by workers, leftists, left-sympathizing laborers, or Marxist activists, became increasingly common, often deteriorating into clashes between the police and demonstrators composed largely of workers, students, activists, and often left-wing militants. [1]
In the same period, various organizations with a far-right ideology also emerged in Italy and undertook violent action.
Young neo-fascists perceived the legal, neo-fascist political party MSI as betraying them through its ostensible inaction in the face of attacks by the police and political opponents, as in the case of the Acca Larentia killings. [2] Influenced by theories of urban guerrilla warfare and spontaneism, [3] [4] a number of neo-fascists moved from street-fighting to terrorism. [5]
For more information, see Years of Lead and Strategy of tension.
| Name in Italian | Flag or symbol | Name translated | Leading figures | Period of activity | Ideology | Principal actions | Political representation, affiliation, or legacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Associazione Protezione Italiani (API) | Italians' Protection Association | 1961-1979 | Italian ultranationalism; Neofascism | Alto Adige bombings (1961) [6] | |||
| Avanguardia Nazionale |  | National Vanguard | Stefano Delle Chiaie [7] | 1970-1972 | Neofascism; Anticommunism | Reggio revolt (1970); Gioia Tauro train station sabotage (1970); Peteano massacre (1972) | Comunità Politica di Avanguardia [8] |
| Falange Armata | Armed Phalanx | SISMI [9] | 1990-1994 | Extreme Right; Cosa Nostra | Assassination of Opera educator Umberto Mormile (1990) | ||
| Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria | Fasces of Revolutionary Action [note 1] [note 2] | Pino Romualdi | 1946 - 1947; 1951 | Italian Fascism; Traditionalism; Anti-Americanism; Anti-communism | Attacks against the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the US Embassy in Rome [10] | ||
| Movimento di Azione Rivoluzionaria (MAR) | Movement of Revolutionary Action | Carlo Fumagalli; Gaetano Orlando [11] | 1962-1974 | Italian ultranationalism; Atlanticism; Neofascism; Revolutionary nationalism | Arson and bombing attacks on ENEL pylons (1960s) ; Arson attack on the Pirelli-Bicocca tire depot in Milan, in which a worker lost his life (1971) | ||
| Movimento Rivoluzionario Popolare (MRP) | Revolutionary Popular Movement | Paolo Aleandri; Marcello Iannilli [12] | 1979-1980 | Italian ultranationalism; Fascism; National Socialism; Neofascism; Revolutionary nationalism; Communitarianism | Bombing attack at the Capitoline Hill (1979); bombing attack on the Regina Coeli prison (1979); bombing attack against the High Council of the Judiciary (1979); bombing attempt at the Piazza dell'Indipendenza in Rome, which failed due to bomb malfunction (1979) [13] | ||
| Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) |  | Armed Revolutionary Nuclei | Valerio Fioravanti; Francesca Mambro; Massimo Carminati; Alessandro Alibrandi; Franco Anselmi | 1977-1981 | Italian fascism; Revolutionary nationalism; Revolutionary spontaneity | Bologna's main train station bombing with 85 dead (1980); assassination of magistrate Mario Amato (1980); assassination of police officer Francesco Evangelista (1980) | Forza Nuova |
| Ordine Nero |  | Black Order | Fabrizio Zani; Marco Pastori; Adriano Petroni; Luciano Benardelli | 1974-1983 | Neofascism; National Socialism | Italicus Express bombing (1974); bombing at Piazza della Loggia, Brescia, with 8 people dead and 102 wounded (1974); [14] assassination of judge Vittorio Occorsio (1976) | |
| Ordine Nuovo |  | New Order | Pierluigi Concutelli; [15] Pino Rauti | 1965-1973 | Neofascism; Neonazism; Fascist mysticism; Traditionalism; Nazimaoism | Bombing at Piazza Fontana, Milan, in the headquarters of the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura , with 17 people dead and 88 wounded (1969); Peteano massacre in Sagrado, Gorizia, with 3 carabinieri killed and one injured (1972); various bombings of trains | Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo [16] |
| Terza Posizione |  | Third Position | Giuseppe Dimitri; Nanni De Angelis; Roberto Fiore; Gabriele Adinolfi; Massimo Morsello | 1979-unknown | Fascism; Third Worldism; Revolutionary nationalism; Peronism | Collaboration with NAR in armed militancy; Popularization of the Third Position ideology [note 3] | CasaPound; Forza Nuova |
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