The Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (ASL) was a research institution under the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in artillery meteorology, electro-optical climatology, atmospheric optics data, and atmospheric characterization from 1965 to 1992. [1] ASL was one of the seven Army laboratories that merged to form the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in 1992. [2]
The headquarters for the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory and a bulk of its research facilities were located in White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. Several of its research facilities were also located at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. ASL meteorological teams were situated throughout North America at the following sites: Fort Hunter Liggett, California; Redstone Arsenal, Alabama; Fort Belvoir, Virginia; Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona; Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; Fort Greely, Alaska; and the Panama Canal. [1] [3]
The history of ASL dates back to the creation of the Signal Corps Laboratories in 1929. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Signal Corps directed research on electronics, radar, and communication systems at Fort Monmouth and nearby satellite laboratories. [4] [5] After World War II, several of the laboratories merged to form the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (SCEL), which continued research into advancing various Army technologies. [6]
On April 2, 1946, SCEL deployed a team of ten men from Fort Monmouth with two modified SCR-584 vans to “A” station at White Sands Proving Ground (later renamed White Sands Missile Range) to perform tests on the captured German V-2 rockets. [7] From these tests, it became increasingly apparent after the war that atmospheric research was vital in predicting the behavior of missiles and where it would impact. On January 1, 1949, the Department of the Army established the SCEL Field Station No. 1 at Fort Bliss, Texas to aid the team at “A” station with signal support functions. [7] [8] [9] The unit at Fort Bliss conducted research in radar tracking and communication systems for the early missile programs at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), which then consisted of only 125 military and civilian personnel. [10]
In 1952, Field Station No. 1 was reorganized to form the White Sands Signal Corps Agency, a class II activity under the command of the Chief Signal Officer. [11] In 1954, the group expanded to form three teams, one at Yuma Proving Ground, one Dugway Proving Ground, and one at the Canal Zone in Panama. The organization was mainly tasked with conducting high altitude and upper atmosphere research using various rockets from the Nike-Cajun rocket to the Army tactical Loki rocket in 1957 and the Arcas rocket in 1958. [8] In the first ten months of 1958, the Agency provided communication-electronics support for the firing of more than 2,000 missiles. [12] Within two decades, the organization launched more than 8,000 rockets around the world, of which 5,000 were launched at the nearby White Sands Missile Range. In addition, the White Sands Signal Corps Agency saw a string of successes in multiple areas of weather research. In 1957, the researchers launched Loki II rockets into the air and tracked the drift of the metallic chaff that was released at designated altitudes using radar, obtaining new knowledge of high altitude winds in the process. Later that same year, the WSMR team saw the first successful firing of a rocket capable of being launched by a two-man team. [8] The Agency also perfected the Voice Operated Device for Automatic Transmission (VODAT), a device that made it possible for two-way radiotelephone conversations to occur on a single frequency. [12]
By 1959, the White Sands Signal Corps Agency had doubled in size and scope of operations and was redesignated as the U.S. Army Signal Missile Support Agency (SMSA). [12] SMSA was responsible for providing communication-electronic, meteorologic, and other support for the Army's missile and space program as well as conduct research and development in meteorology, electronic warfare, and missile vulnerability. [13] The agency developed the SOTIM (Sonic Observation of Trajectory and Impact of Missiles) System, which provided acoustic information on missiles upon re-entry and impact. These stations were installed at 16 different points at WSMR and were also equipped to measure wind speed, temperature, and humidity. SMSA also built meteorological rockets that could carry a 70-pound instrument package as high as 600,000 feet in order to obtain upper atmospheric data. [14] At the time, the meteorological activities at WSMR were under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Electronics Research and Development Activity as well as the Atmospheric Sciences Office, an organization under the operational control of SCEL at Fort Monmouth. [15]
In 1962, due to a major Army reorganization effort, SMSA became consolidated as part of the Electronics Research and Development Activity (ERDA) under the U.S. Army Electronics Command (ECOM). [2] [16] In 1964, ERDA researchers at WSMR became the first to observe upper atmosphere tidal waves. The group later launched the world's largest balloon holding atmospheric sensing equipment in 1968 and an even larger balloon that reached a record height of 164,000 feet in 1969. [8]
In June 1965, the Army Electronics Laboratories, which supervised the former Signal Corps research within the U.S. Army Electronics Command, was discontinued. As a result, the Army Electronics Laboratories and its components, including the different teams at WSMR, were broken up and reshuffled into six separate Army laboratories: the Electronic Components Laboratory (later the Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory), the Communications/ADP Laboratory, the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, the Electronic Warfare Laboratory (part of which later became the Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory), the Avionics Laboratory, and the Combat Surveillance and Target Acquisition Laboratory. [4] This event marked the beginning of the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory and its role as a corporate laboratory for the Army. ASL was responsible for conducting meteorological research, developing meteorological equipment for the Army, and providing specialized meteorological support for various Army research and development efforts. [8]
At first, as a remnant of its days as part of the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, ASL headquarters were located at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, meaning that researchers often traveled back and forth from Fort Monmouth to White Sands Missile Range. In 1969, ASL headquarters was moved to WSMR. [8] Shortly afterwards, ARL assumed operational control of the meteorological efforts conducted at Fort Huachuca. [15] By 1974, nearly a decade after ASL was first established, the lab grew to have a staff of more than 700 people accompanied by $30 million worth of equipment and 90,000 square feet of meteorological operating facilities at WSMR with an annual budget of around $9 million. [8] In 1976, meteorological research conducted at the Ballistic Research Laboratories were also consolidated into ASL, resulting in ASL making up about 95 percent of the total Army program in meteorology. [15]
In 1992, ASL was among the seven Army laboratories that was consolidated to form the U.S. Army Research Laboratory as part of a $115 million project following the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) in 1988. Under ARL, the ASL became part of the Battlefield Environment Directorate (BED). In 1995, the Atmospheric Analysis and Assessment team within BED moved to ARL's Survivability/Lethality Analysis Directorate (SLAD) while the rest of BED was folded into the Information Science and Technology Directorate (later called the Computational and Information Sciences Directorate) in 1996. [2]
The Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory sought to enhance Army capabilities and operation, such as artillery fire and chemical detection operations, under a broad range of meteorological conditions through the development of new technology and techniques. Research within ASL consisted of six major areas: atmospheric sensing, micro/mesoscale meteorology, meteorological satellites, atmospheric modification, physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, and meteorological equipment and techniques. [3]
Atmospheric sensing focuses on remote and continuous real-time surveillance of atmospheric parameters and being able to obtain meteorological information at any time and place. Various sensors were evaluated for this purpose, such as lasers, radars, radiometers, microwave radars, and acoustic systems. Research in the lab included studying atmospheric transmissivity, the effects of atmospheric particulates on laser propagation, and the use of LIDAR to determine the distribution, size, and composition of atmospheric particles. [3] ASL scientists also investigated how light behaves and responds when it interacts with different particles in the air. [17]
Microscale and mesoscale meteorology focuses on understanding the small-scale atmospheric processes in the lower atmosphere. For ASL, the primary objective was to examine the properties of the lower atmosphere within the battlefield area. This was done by developing models that described mesoscale systems, boundary layer phenomena, and the effects of terrain on atmospheric structure. ASL scientists were especially interested in how terrain influenced the processes of atmospheric transport and diffusion. Studies in this area also coincided with research related to reducing air pollution. [3]
Meteorological satellites refer to advanced weather satellites and other technologies that allow researchers to collect real-time weather information for the battlefield area. ASL researchers developed methods to improve the monitoring of mesoscale phenomena and collect meteorological data in inaccessible areas. [3]
Atmospheric modification focuses on physical atmospheric processes that influence the behavior of clouds, fog, and rain. ASL researchers were especially keen on studying warm fogs and developed numerical models that described their life cycle. [3] In general, fog significantly degrades the effectiveness of visible and infrared systems. ASL was interested in determining what kind of fog conditions hindered the fielding of different weapons systems that relied on electro-optical sensors. [18] Field studies were also conducted to analyze how helicopter downwash could disperse warm fogs. [3]
The physics and chemistry of the atmosphere refers to research on the chemical and dynamic processes that governed atmospheric structure and behavior. Many of the studies focused on investigating the atmospheric effects on artillery and unguided rockets. Research was also conducted on the meteorological processes occurring in high-altitude regions. [3] ASL was involved in studying the effects of an eclipse on the upper atmosphere of the Earth and the outer atmosphere of the Sun. During the 1979 solar eclipse, ASL performed experiments with the National Research Council of Canada, the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, and NASA to measure various atmospheric properties during the eclipse by launching 17 sounding rockets into the upper atmosphere. [19] [20]
One of ASL's main priorities was the development and evaluation of new meteorological equipment for the Army. Examples of technologies included new radiosondes, mobile hydrogen generators, fast-rise balloons, mobile weather radar, and portable automatic observing stations for collecting weather information in inaccessible areas. [3]
The Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory developed many technologies as part of its mission. Examples include the following:
In addition, ASL participated in hundreds of projects, including the support of the following technologies:
Project HARP, short for High Altitude Research Project, was a joint venture of the United States Department of Defense and Canada's Department of National Defence created with the goal of studying ballistics of re-entry vehicles and collecting upper atmospheric data for research. Unlike conventional space launching methods that rely on rockets, HARP instead used very large guns to fire projectiles into the atmosphere at extremely high speeds.
White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) is a United States Army military testing area and firing range located in the US state of New Mexico. The range was originally established in 1941 as the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, where the Trinity test site lay at the northern end of the Range, in Socorro County near the towns of Carrizozo and San Antonio. It then became the White Sands Proving Ground on 9 July 1945.
The MIT Lincoln Laboratory, located in Lexington, Massachusetts, is a United States Department of Defense federally funded research and development center chartered to apply advanced technology to problems of national security. Research and development activities focus on long-term technology development as well as rapid system prototyping and demonstration. Its core competencies are in sensors, integrated sensing, signal processing for information extraction, decision-making support, and communications. These efforts are aligned within ten mission areas. The laboratory also maintains several field sites around the world.
The Aerojet General X-8 was an unguided, spin-stabilized sounding rocket designed to launch a 150 lb (68 kg) payload to 200,000 feet (61.0 km). The X-8 was a version of the prolific Aerobee rocket family.
Camp Evans Historic District is an area of the Camp Evans Formerly Used Defense Site in Wall Township, New Jersey. The site of the military installation is noted for a 1914 transatlantic radio receiver and various World War II/Cold War laboratories of the United States Army. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2012, in recognition of the site's long role in the development of modern civilian and military electronic communications.
USS Desert Ship (LLS-1) is a concrete blockhouse providing assembly and launch facilities simulating shipboard conditions for Navy surface-to-air weapons testing at the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) Weapons Division – White Sands.
The Communications-Electronics Command (CECOM) is a Life Cycle Management Command (LCMC) of the United States Army based at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States. It is one of four such commands under the Army Materiel Command (AMC), and is the Army's provider and maintainer of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C5ISR) capabilities.
Signal Corps Laboratories (SCL) was formed on June 30, 1930, as part of the U.S. Army Signal Corps at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Through the years, the SCL had a number of changes in name, but remained the operation providing research and development services for the Signal Corps.
Harold Adelbert Zahl was an American physicist who had a 35-year career with the U.S. Army Signal Corps Laboratories, where he served as the director of research at Fort Monmouth and made major contributions to radar development. He is perhaps most famous for inventing the GA-4 Transmitter-Receiver Tube and the VT-158, which became known as the Zahl tube.
William Richards Blair was an American scientist and United States Army officer, who worked on the development of the radar from the 1930s onward. He led the U.S. Army's Signal Corps Laboratories during its formative years and is often called the "Father of American Radar".
The Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) was a leading U.S. Army research establishment situated at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland that specialized in ballistics as well as vulnerability and lethality analysis. BRL served as a major Army center for research and development in technologies related to weapon phenomena, armor, electronic devices, and high-speed computing. In 1992, BRL was disestablished and its mission, personnel, and facilities were incorporated into the newly created Army Research Laboratory (ARL).
The Chengdu University of Information Technology, formerly the Chengdu Meteorological College (成都气象学院), is a provincial public university in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. The university is affiliated with the Sichuan Provincial People's Government, and co-sponsored by the China Meteorological Administration and the Sichuan Provincial Government.
German V-2 rockets captured by the United States Army at the end of World War II were used as sounding rockets to carry scientific instruments into the Earth's upper atmosphere at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) for a program of atmospheric and solar investigation through the late 1940s. Rocket trajectory was intended to carry the rocket about 100 miles (160 km) high and 30 miles (48 km) horizontally from WSMR Launch Complex 33. Impact velocity of returning rockets was reduced by inducing structural failure of the rocket airframe upon atmospheric re-entry. More durable recordings and instruments might be recovered from the rockets after ground impact, but telemetry was developed to transmit and record instrument readings during flight.
The Utah Launch Complex was a Cold War military subinstallation of White Sands Missile Range for USAF and US Army rocket launches. In addition to firing Pershing missiles, the complex launched Athena RTV missiles with subscale (test) warheads of the Advanced Ballistic Re-entry System to reentry speeds and impact at the New Mexico range. From 1964 to 1975 there were 244 Green River launches, including 141 Athena launches and 60 Pershing 1 and Pershing 1a launches to 281 kilometers altitude. "Utah State Route 19 runs through the Green River Launch Complex, which is south of the town and eponym of Green River."
Launch Complex 38 was the White Sands Missile Range facility for testing the Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile. The site is located east of the WSMR Post Area.
The White Sands Test Center (WSTC) is responsible for planning and conducting tests at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), New Mexico, USA. WSTC reports to the United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC). WSMR is designated as an activity within the Department of Defense (DoD) Major Range and Test Facility Base (MRTFB), a core set of DoD Test and Evaluation (T&E) infrastructure and workforce preserved as a national asset to support the DoD acquisition system. The Range possesses capabilities and infrastructure utilized by the US Army, Navy, Air Force and other government agencies as well as universities, private industry, and foreign militaries. As a tri-service facility, WSTC supports the Army by providing data collection and analysis, instrumentation development, modeling and simulation, research assessment, and technical services.
The Improvised Explosive Device Countermeasure Equipment (ICE) is a vehicle-mounted electronics-based jamming system that uses low-power radio frequency energy to thwart enemy improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The radio frequency energy it emits blocks the signals broadcast by radio-controlled detonators, such as cell phones and cordless telephones, that would otherwise trigger the hidden IED to explode. ICE was developed by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) at White Sands Missile Range and the Physical Science Laboratory (PSL) at New Mexico State University in 2004 to counter the rising IED threat in Iraq. Due to the urgent demand for counter-IED equipment, ICE was designed and built within three weeks and was provided to troops in less than six months after the project started.
The Local Rapid Evaluation of Atmospheric Conditions (L-REAC) System was a computerized weather sensor system designed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) that became operational in 2011.
The Electronics Technology and Devices Laboratory (ETDL) was a research institution located at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey that served as the U.S. Army's central laboratory for electronics research from 1971 to 1992. ETDL was one of the seven Army laboratories that merged to form the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL).
The Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory (VAL) was a research institution under the U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) that specialized in missile electronic warfare, vulnerability, and surveillance. It was responsible for assessing the vulnerability of Army weapons and electronic communication systems to hostile electronic warfare and coordinating missile electronic countermeasure efforts for the U.S. Army. VAL was one of the seven Army laboratories that merged to form the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in 1992.
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