Baikal CPU

Last updated
Baikal T1
Baikal-T1.jpg
Baikal-T1 CPU
General information
Launched2015;9 years ago (2015)
Designed by Baikal Electronics
Performance
Max. CPU clock rate 900 MHz to 1,2 GHz
Architecture and classification
Instruction set MIPS32
Physical specifications
Cores
  • 2

Baikal CPU was a line of MIPS and ARM-based microprocessors developed by fabless design firm Baikal Electronics, a spin-off of the Russian supercomputer company T-Platforms.

Contents

Design

Judging by the information available from online sources Baikal Electronics have selected a different approach compared to other Russian microprocessor initiatives such as the Elbrus-2SM, Elbrus-8S by MCST, and the Multiclet line of chips. The design by Baikal Electronics is based on existing commercial IP Cores from Imagination Technologies and ARM Holdings, compared to the more innovative approach of Multiclet, and the Elbrus CPU which has a history dating back to the Elbrus supercomputers from the Soviet Union. [1] [2]

Company's history

The Baikal Electronics company was established on January 11, 2012, as a daughter entity of T-Platforms and was registered as a public joint-stock company. T-NANO, a future investor in Baikal Electronics, registered on march 3, 2012 as a joint venture of T-Platformi (50.5%) and the Russian Direct Investment Fund (49.5%).

In May 2012 Grigoriy Khrenov [3] joined the company as the CTO. He is D.Sc. and formerly had been a Deputy Chief Designer at Micron Technology, then an Engineering Director at Cadence Design Systems.

In August 2021 TSMC was contracted for chip production, but such production was banned by sanctions adopted in the aftermath of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

In August 2023, Baikal Electronics entered bankruptcy. [4]

US sanctions, MIPS architecture chosen

Since March 8, 2013, the parent company T-Platforms was placed under US sanctions, [5] which suspended the planned licensing agreement with ARM Ltd. Soon, on March 23, the ownership structure was changed: T-Platforms got 37.17%, Rusnano through the Russian Direct Investment Fund - 62.83%. For the first processor being developed (Baikal-T1 or BE-T1000) MIPS architecture by Imagination Technologies and 28 nm process were chosen. [6] On December 31, 2013, US sanctions were lifted [7] and a Technology License Agreement with ARM Ltd. was arranged on February 20, 2014.

On may 27, 2014 T-Nano formally became an investor in the development, production and sales of Baikal processors in a tri-party agreement between T-Nano, Baikal Electronics and T-Platforms. The exact amount invested is unknown, however, T-Nano received 1.2B rubles upon its creation and T-Platforms had plans for 800M invested. [8]

In June, 2014 T-Nano received 25% + 1 shares of the company [9] while T-Platforms' part decreased to 75% - 1 shares.

March, 2015, Synopsys Inc. announced that Baikal Electronics has selected Synopsys Solutions to accelerate design and verification of their advanced System on chips. [10]

May, 2015, Baikal Electronics and Imagination Technologies announced that the first commercial Baikal microprocessor will be based on the MIPS Warrior P5600, and it will be called Baikal-T1. [11] [12] The first samples of the new CPU will be available starting from June, 2015. [13]

ARM architecture, Baikal-M

Following this agreement in 2014 the company initiated the development of its second processor Baikal-M. This had a backing of Minpromtorg, Russia's Ministry of Trade. [14] Several models were planned for 2015: 8-core Baikal-M, Baikal-M/2 (Baikal-M lite) to be used in personal computers and small servers, based on the ARM Cortex A-57 core at 28 nm, while by the end of 2016 a more advanced server-ready 16-core model at 16 nm was conceived.

The total cost assumed was B2.3 rubles, of which B1.1 was allocated by the government. The roadmap aimed for sales to start by May, 2018. [15]

On May 15, 2015, Baikal Electronics was granted two licenses from the state security certification center (part of FSB), permitting development and distribution of cryptographic, data exchange and telecommunications systems (0011055 14287Н and 0012494 14964Н), [16] which was compulsory for further development.

Baikal-T1 practical applications

On May 25, 2015, a CNC unit “Resurs-30”, co-authored by AO Stankoprom and T-Platformi and based on the Baikal-T1 processor was revealed. [17]

First engineering samples of Baikal-T1 arrived on May 26, 2015. [18]

On August 31, 2015, an investment loan of M500 rubles was procured by the Council of the Industry Development Fund to be used to secure the production of T1 processor. [17] Total expenses were projected around M778 rubles, [19] with M278 to be invested by T-Platformi. [19]

In September, 2015 Chinese Lenovo declared [20] a memorandum of cooperation and announced a series of computers based on Baikals with the ThinkCentre Tiny-in-one 23 built on T1. [21] However, little came out of these plans beyond the declaration.

M500 rubles of subsidies and 5 million processors planned

On November 6, 2015, Baikal Electronics was contracted by the state Russian Fund of Technology Development (the former name for the Fund for Industry Development) [22] under the federal procurement program “Development of Electronic Components Production and Radio Electronics for 2008-2015” by the Trade Ministry. The ending date was set on November 6, 2020, with the goal beyond 5 million processors by year 2020.

In January 2016 the company declared a capacity to develop and ready for production two series of ARM processors on 28 nm node, and by the end of 2017 another one on 16 nm.

On July 8, 2016, the all-business register Spark-Interfax updated the Baikal’s ownership from Public Share Company to Private Company, and the enterprise no longer reported on its activities.

On September 12, 2016, a multi-function printer based on Baikal-T1 was announced. The project’s status was unknown as of August, 2021.

The development of server processor Baikal-S was started in October, 2016.

Domestic product status

On November 26, 2016 Baikal-T1 received the status of a domestic integrated circuit in accordance with the Government Act 719 from July 17, 2015.

On February 27, 2017, the production achievement of the Baikal-T1 received a “Development Award” by the state bank VEB RF.

Further T1 production, sales and engineering boards

By march 28, 2017 a second batch of production Baikal-T1 processors was ready.

In April, 2018 engineering boards BFK3.1 went on sale with Baikal-T1s, and since June 1, 2018, the processors were made available separately for 3,990 rubles.

Development of Baikal-M was completed in 2018 having missed the intended date by a year, but being able to produce the first engineering sample.

Baikal-M demo was first performed for the state owned entities on October 2, 2019, and then for the general public on October 22, 2019.

On November 18, 2019, the company disclosed it was intending to start mass production of server Baikal-S part by the end of 2020.

Additional funding with B2.2 rubles

According to the Spark-Interfax Business Register, by the end of 2019 the company had received B2.2 rubles of subsidies from the Trade Ministry. Overall subsidies amounted to around B5 rubles.

On February 11, 2020, a trial installation of industrial equipment based on Baikal-T1 at select Gazprom nodes was announced.

Breach of timeframe lawsuit, Varton group interference

On August 24, 2020, the Trade Ministry filed a lawsuit against the company for the alleged failure of production of Baikal-M processors (ARM-based) requesting M500.5 rubles of subsidies be reimbursed. However, on December 10, 2020, the motion was dismissed by the primary jurisdiction court.

On October 27, 2020, a possible sale of 60% of stake to Varton group was announced, valued at B4 rubles. Since the announcement Varton Group has been playing a significant role in management decisions.

Domestic product level 2, TSMC production

On October 30, 2020, the Ministry of Trade marked Baikal-M as grade 2 domestic product referencing the Government Act 719 from June 17, 2015.

On November 27, 2020, the company placed an order for 130 000 processors with TSMC and was planning to add 100 000 more in December 2020, and an extra 100 000 in the 1st quarter of 2021.

The first shipments from the 130 000 batch were expected to start in the III quarter of 2021. However, these did not materialize by September 2021, the company stating the disruption of the supply chain due to the coronavirus pandemic and the global chip shortage as a cause.

New processors M/2, M/2+, S

On November 30, 2020 CEO Andrey Yevdokomov presented three new processors: Baikal-M/2 (Baikal-M lite), Baikal-M/2+ (Baikal-M lite+) and Baikal-S.

The “light” M/2 and M/2+ versions targeted a 28 nm process for its 64-bit cores ARM Cortex-A57. All new processors were to get 512 KB of cache for each core, one DDR3/DDR4 memory controller, Mali-T628 graphics IP, PCIe Gen3 (4+4+4 lanes) and SATA III (6 GB/s) interface.

However, Baikal-S targeted a finer 16 nm process, having as many as 48 cores ARM Cortex-A75 clocked at 2 GHz.

Acquisition by Varton Group

By June 2021 the T-platforms closed the sale of their share, the buyer Varton Group received over 70% of the company’s capital.

Production plans, personal computers developed

July 2, 2021 marked the start of a new strategy, confirmed by the board of directors, aiming to invest B23 rubles in the processor development up until 2025. The Baikal-M/2 plans were confirmed, while Baikal-M/2+ (Baikal-M lite+) was canceled. The company also disclosed the plans for an Armv9 Baikal-M2 aimed for desktops and all-in-ones, Baikal-L for notebooks and tablets, Baikal-S2 for data storage devices, servers and supercomputers. The process fidelity sought was 12 to 6 nm. The financing was to be provided with the company's own funds, as well as loans and federal subsidies.

By the end of July 2021 the company placed and paid for a batch of Baikal-S processors with Taiwanese TSMC fab.

On August 9, 2021, Russian computer manufacturer iRU announced mass production of computers based on the Baikal-M processor.

As of June 2021 the company employed 120 of staff, about 60% of whom were chip and electronic hardware developers and production specialists.

Product tests

On October, 20th, 2017 an announcement reported on the successful completion of the battery of tests of Baikal-T1 in the research center by FGUP “Mytishchinskie Research and Science Institute of Radioelectric Devices”, having measured the parameters and functional control under harsh climatic conditions: heat up to +70 °C, cooling to -60 °C, moisture, fungi and other.

On December 17, 2021, the company presented a 48-core (ARM Cortex-A75) server processor Baikal-S at its annual reporting conference. The first run on a test motherboard was performed on October, 28th, successfully booting a Linux-like operating system. Coremark, Whetstone and 7zip tests showed “acceptably high results”, according to the developers. The chip never entered mass production. [23]

Bankruptcy

In August 2023 T-Platforms declared its bankruptcy and auctioning of its assets, which were estimated at only $5 million. [4] The declaration followed court ruling in October 2022, company's own filing for bankruptcy in 2021 and period of administration. As the main factor leading to insolvency were named the attempts of Russian government to replace Western products with domestic ones. [24]

Baikal-T1

The Baikal-T1 CPU. BE-T1000(Baikal-T1).jpg
The Baikal-T1 CPU.

The Baikal-T1 mainly targets applications for networking and industrial automation, with features such as hardware support for virtualization and a high performance 128-bit SIMD engine. [25] [26] [27]

Produced2015
ProcessCMOS 28 nm
Clock rate up to 1,2 GHz
Cores2
Cache1 MB L2 cache
Memory DDR3
Mass storage SATA, 6 Gbit/s
Connectivity
Package size25×25 mm
Power consumption 5 W

March, 2016 it was announced on the Imagination Technologies blog that a desktop PC called the Tavolga Terminal, [28] also known as the Meadowsweet Terminal PC [29] is available to order from T-Platforms. [28] The computer is based on the Baikal-T1 CPU, SM750 Graphics processing unit and the Debian Linux as the operating system. [30]

Baikal-M BE-M1000

In October 2021, Baikal Electronics announced that it had started shipping the BE-M1000, a System on a Chip with eight ARM Cortex-A57 cores, an 8-core Mali-T628 GPU, HDMI, PCI Express, 10 Gb Ethernet and SATA. The CPUs are made by TSMC in a 28 nm process. Baikal Electronics plans to ship 15.000 CPUs per month, mostly to Russian state-owned companies running government-approved software such as Astra Linux. [31]

Baikal-S BE-S1000

On 17 December 2021, Baikal-S server processor with 48 ARM Cortex-A75 cores was presented at the annual final conference of Baikal Electronics. The first launch of the debug board with an engineering instance of Baikal-S was made on 28 October: a Linux-like operating system was launched. According to the results of Coremark, Whetstone and 7zip parameters testing, Baikal-S showed, according to the developers' words, "quite high results". Some photos of Baikal-S processor and die became available in good quality

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MIPS Technologies</span> American fabless semiconductor design company

MIPS Tech LLC, formerly MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. and MIPS Technologies, Inc., is an American fabless semiconductor design company that is most widely known for developing the MIPS architecture and a series of RISC CPU chips based on it. MIPS provides processor architectures and cores for digital home, networking, embedded, Internet of things and mobile applications.

ARM is a family of RISC instruction set architectures (ISAs) for computer processors. Arm Holdings develops the ISAs and licenses them to other companies, who build the physical devices that use the instruction set. It also designs and licenses cores that implement these ISAs.

SuperH is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hitachi and currently produced by Renesas. It is implemented by microcontrollers and microprocessors for embedded systems.

The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device. It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity. The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observes that transistor count doubles approximately every two years. However, being directly proportional to the area of a die, transistor count does not represent how advanced the corresponding manufacturing technology is. A better indication of this is transistor density which is the ratio of a semiconductor's transistor count to its die area.

The "14 nanometer process" refers to a marketing term for the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the "22 nm" node. The "14 nm" was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following "22 nm" was expected to be "16 nm". All "14 nm" nodes use FinFET technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intel Atom</span> Microprocessor brand name by Intel

Intel Atom is a line of IA-32 and x86-64 instruction set ultra-low-voltage processors by Intel Corporation designed to reduce electric consumption and power dissipation in comparison with ordinary processors of the Intel Core series. Atom is mainly used in netbooks, nettops, embedded applications ranging from health care to advanced robotics, mobile Internet devices (MIDs) and phones. The line was originally designed in 45 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology and subsequent models, codenamed Cedar, used a 32 nm process.

The i.MX range is a family of Freescale Semiconductor proprietary microcontrollers for multimedia applications based on the ARM architecture and focused on low-power consumption. The i.MX application processors are SoCs (System-on-Chip) that integrate many processing units into one die, like the main CPU, a video processing unit, and a graphics processing unit for instance. The i.MX products are qualified for automotive, industrial, and consumer markets. Most of them are guaranteed for a production lifetime of 10 to 15 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tegra</span> System on a chip by Nvidia

Tegra is a system on a chip (SoC) series developed by Nvidia for mobile devices such as smartphones, personal digital assistants, and mobile Internet devices. The Tegra integrates an ARM architecture central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), northbridge, southbridge, and memory controller onto one package. Early Tegra SoCs are designed as efficient multimedia processors. The Tegra-line evolved to emphasize performance for gaming and machine learning applications without sacrificing power efficiency, before taking a drastic shift in direction towards platforms that provide vehicular automation with the applied "Nvidia Drive" brand name on reference boards and its semiconductors; and with the "Nvidia Jetson" brand name for boards adequate for AI applications within e.g. robots or drones, and for various smart high level automation purposes.

Rockchip is a Chinese fabless semiconductor company based in Fuzhou, Fujian province. Rockchip has been providing SoC products for tablets & PCs, streaming media TV boxes, AI audio & vision, IoT hardware since founded in 2001. It has offices in Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Hong Kong. It designs system on a chip (SoC) products, using the ARM architecture licensed from ARM Holdings for the majority of its projects.

In semiconductor manufacturing, the "7 nm" process is a term for the MOSFET technology node following the "10 nm" node, defined by the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS), which was preceded by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). It is based on FinFET technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple silicon</span> System-on-chip processors designed by Apple Inc.

Apple silicon refers to a series of system on a chip (SoC) and system in a package (SiP) processors designed by Apple Inc., mainly using the ARM architecture. They are the basis of Mac, iPhone, iPad, Apple TV, Apple Watch, AirPods, AirTag, HomePod, and Apple Vision Pro devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HiSilicon</span> Chinese fabless semiconductor manufacturing company, fully owned by Huawei

HiSilicon is a Chinese fabless semiconductor company based in Shenzhen, Guangdong province and wholly owned by Huawei. HiSilicon purchases licenses for CPU designs from ARM Holdings, including the ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore, ARM Cortex-M3, ARM Cortex-A7 MPCore, ARM Cortex-A15 MPCore, ARM Cortex-A53, ARM Cortex-A57 and also for their Mali graphics cores. HiSilicon has also purchased licenses from Vivante Corporation for their GC4000 graphics core.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikron Group</span>

Mikron Group, headed by JSC Mikron, is the leading developer, manufacturer and exporter of microelectronics in Russia and the CIS. Its main manufacturing facilities are located in Zelenograd, Russia. Other production facilities of the group are located in St.Petersburg and Voronezh. Part of the Element conglomerate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple A9</span> System on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc.

The Apple A9 is a 64-bit ARM-based system-on-chip (SoC)designed by Apple Inc., part of the Apple silicon series. Manufactured for Apple by both TSMC and Samsung, it first appeared in the iPhone 6s and 6s Plus which were introduced on September 9, 2015. Apple states that it has 70% more CPU performance and 90% more graphics performance compared to its predecessor, the Apple A8. On September 12, 2018, the iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus along with the first-generation iPhone SE was discontinued, ending production of A9 chips. The latest software updates for the iPhone 6s & 6s Plus including the iPhone SE variants systems using this chip are iOS 15.8.3, released around August, 2024, as they were discontinued with the release of iOS 16 in 2022, and for the iPad using this chip was iPadOS 16.7.10, also released on September 3, 2024, as it was discontinued with the release of iPadOS 17 in 2023.

Qualcomm Kryo is a series of custom or semi-custom ARM-based CPUs included in the Snapdragon line of SoCs.

The ARM Neoverse is a group of 64-bit ARM processor cores licensed by Arm Holdings. The cores are intended for datacenter, edge computing, and high-performance computing use. The group consists of ARM Neoverse V-Series, ARM Neoverse N-Series, and ARM Neoverse E-Series.

References

  1. ↑ "Imagination reports MIPS Warrior P-class CPU at the heart of new communications processor from Baikal Electronics". design-reuse.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  2. ↑ "Russia To Replace AMD/Intel CPUs With 64-bit ARM Hardware". phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  3. ↑ "Хренов Григорий Юрьевич". www.miet.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  4. 1 2 Shiloh, Anton (August 29, 2023). "Russian Chipmaker Baikal Goes Bankrupt". Tom's Hardware.
  5. ↑ "Federal Register, Volume 78 Issue 46 (Friday, March 8, 2013)". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  6. ↑ "Впервые в России разработан и запускается в производство процессор мирового уровня". expert.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  7. ↑ "Federal Register, Volume 78 Issue 251 (Tuesday, December 31, 2013)". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  8. ↑ "Подписано инвестиционное соглашение о создании наноцентра "Т-Нано" в Москве – Пресс-центр – Группа РОСНАНО". 2021-09-24. Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  9. ↑ "Интерфакс – Сервер раскрытия информации". www.e-disclosure.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  10. ↑ "Baikal Electronics Selects Synopsys Solutions to Accelerate the Design and Verification of Their Advanced SoCs". Synopsys, Inc. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  11. ↑ "Baikal Electronics presented the processor Baikal-T1 - the first domestic high-performance system-on-chip". club.cnews.ru - Baikal Electronics LinkedIn page. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  12. ↑ "Imagination reports MIPS Warrior P-class CPU at the heart of new communications processor from Baikal Electronics". Imagination Technologies. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  13. ↑ "Russian Baikal-T1 processor announced". CPU World - Baikal Electronics LinkedIn page. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  14. ↑ "Минпромторг включился в процессоры". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 2014-06-19. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  15. ↑ "Второй процессор "Байкал" просрочен на год. Разработчику грозят огромные госсанкции и отставка гендиректора". CNews.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  16. ↑ . 2021-10-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20211022221210/http://clsz.fsb.ru/files/download/licenzii_H_21092021.docx. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2022-07-11.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. 1 2 "Компания «Т-Платформы» представляет инженерный образец промышленной системы числового программного управления на базе новейших российских процессоров «Байкал-Т1»" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  18. ↑ ""Байкал Электроникс" представляет процессор Baikal-T1 — первую отечественную высокопроизводительную систему на кристалле". www.baikalelectronics.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  19. 1 2 "Mass Production of Baikal-T started". Archived from the original on 2021-09-24.
  20. ↑ "В Lenovo рассказали о планах по выпуску техники на российских процессорах". РБК (in Russian). 15 September 2015. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  21. ↑ "Новости Lenovo | Lenovo Russia". www.lenovo.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  22. ↑ "Фонд Развития Промышлености одобрил займ на реализацию проекта производства процессоров". www.baikalelectronics.ru. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  23. ↑ Shilov, Anton (29 August 2023). "Russian Chipmaker Baikal Goes Bankrupt, Assets Valued at Only $5 Million". Toms Hardware. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  24. ↑ Anton Shilov (2022-10-05). "Former Co-Owner of Russia's Baikal Microelectronics Goes Bankrupt". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  25. ↑ "Baikal T1 is a Dual Core MIPS P5600 Communication Processor". cnx-software.com. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  26. ↑ "Baikal-T1 communications processor features high-performance MIPS P5600 CPU". Alexandru Voica. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  27. ↑ "MIPS P-class CPU features in Baikal-T1". newelectronics. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  28. 1 2 "T-Platforms introduces MIPS-based Tavolga Terminal computer for Linux users". Imagination Technologies. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  29. ↑ "Russian PC makers are back". fudzilla. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  30. ↑ "Tavolga Terminal TP-T22BT Debian 8 All-in-One Computer is Powered by Baikal-T1 MIPS Processor". CNXsoft. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  31. ↑ "Second-generation Baikal Electronics BE-M1000 CPUs Begins Shipping From Chip Fab Giant TSMC". wccftech. 19 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.