Base (EP)

Last updated

To be honest, I am not confident in singing ballad songs. Fans have loved my ballads in the past, but I am not really good at singing them. For this album, I focused on introducing my style of music and what I would like to pursue in my musical career. I wanted to make an album filled with songs I like, and work with musicians who inspired me. When deciding who to collaborate with for this album, I chose artists who can express the songs best. [4]

Production

Jonghyun wrote lyrics for all the songs on the EP, [4] and composed five of them himself: "Déjà-Boo", "Love Belt", "Neon", "Beautiful Tonight" and "Fortune Cookie". [1] [5] The EP was written over a period of several years, with the oldest song dating to around four years before release and the newest song one year. [6] It was recorded while he was touring Japan with Shinee. [1] Jonghyun collaborated with various artists, such as Younha, Wheesung, Zion.T and Iron. [7]

"Déjà-Boo" was co-produced by Zion.T, who also features on the track. [7] [8] Jonghyun wanted "Déjà-Boo" to have a "hip hop feel" and wrote the song with Zion.T in mind. He changed the melody to fit his voice once his participation was confirmed. Iron was featured on "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)" at his company's suggestion after he elected to include rap in the song. [1] "Hallelujah" was co-written with Wheesung, Jonghyun's idol and the first person he contacted for the EP. [2] Jonghyun wanted a female vocalist for "Love Belt", and opted for Younha after listening to the Epik High song "We Fight Ourselves", on which she features. [1] He said the song would not have been included if she hadn't agreed to participate. [2] "Beautiful Tonight" was composed as early as 2012 and was inspired by the view of the moon as Jonghyun was walking home from work one night. [9] He felt that it was the most complete of all the songs he had written. [1]

Composition

"Déjà-Boo" is described as a "retro funk song with a synthesizer comping melody and the funk rhythm of a bass". [7] It has "silky disco guitars" and "thick vocal harmonies". [10] "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)" is a midtempo retro pop song containing neo soul and funk influences. [11] Also described as alternative R&B, it features heavy bass, strings, and filtered keys. [12] "Hallelujah" incorporates gospel, inspired by R. Kelly, [13] with a "choral-infused refrain". It has "stilted beats" and "high-toned piano". [12] Influenced by R&B and soul, [14] it is a romantic song in which Jonghyun thanks his partner for being born, and the lyrics reference Wheesung's 2012 song "Masterpiece of You", which expresses love and reverence for women. [2] "Love Belt" is an "emotional" midtempo R&B song featuring "languid" vocals and a string quartet. [14] [15] It uses a seat belt as a metaphor for two lovers holding onto each other tightly to relieve anxiety. [15] [16] "Neon" is a midtempo R&B song [14] that contains layered, overlapping vocals [17] and a Dilla break in the bridge. [18] "Mono-Drama" compares feelings of unrequited love to a monodrama. It is a midtempo R&B track with the trademark strong beat and chord development of The Underdogs, who produced the song. Bonus track "Beautiful Tonight" is an urban soul song with a whistling melody. [14] It is about wanting to spend extra time with a lover instead of letting them go home for the night. [19] Finally, "Fortune Cookie", which is exclusive to the CD version, is a neo soul song with a broken beat. The song's title references a "credit cookie", or post-credits scene, which appears after the closing credits of a film. [5]

Release and reception

The EP was promoted with two singles: "Déjà-Boo" and "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)". [4] "Déjà-Boo", which served as a pre-release, was released on January 7. [7] On January 8, Jonghyun played "Love Belt" on his MBC radio show Blue Night. [20] He held a showcase to introduce the EP at the SM Town Coex Artium. [21] [13] The official music video for the lead single, "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)", was released on the same day. [11] The concept of the music video reflects the name of the song, "guilty pleasure", and depicts Jonghyun as a man who is "head over heels for an alluring woman". It was filmed using a Phantom camera. [22] Jonghyun started his official album promotions on KBS' Music Bank on January 9. [23] The EP was released on January 12, alongside "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)". [21]

Base debuted at number one on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart. [24] It debuted at number two on Billboard 's World Albums chart, rising to number one the following week. It was the first number one for a K-pop artist in 2015 and the first solo number one for a Shinee member on a Billboard chart. [25] Jonghyun's music video for "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)" was the most watched K-pop video in America and in the world for January 2015. The music video for "Déjà-Boo" ranked sixth on both lists. [26] Base sold over 72,000 copies in South Korea in 2015. [27] It won the Disk Bonsang at the 30th Golden Disc Awards. [28]

Track listing

All lyrics are written by Jonghyun, except where noted

Base
BaseJonghyun.jpg
EP by
Jonghyun
ReleasedJanuary 12, 2015 (2015-01-12)
Genre
Length28:22
LanguageKorean
Label SM
Producer Jonghyun
Jonghyun chronology
Base
(2015)		 The Collection: Story Op.1
(2015)
Singles from Base
  1. "Déjà-Boo"
    Released: January 7, 2015
  2. "Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)"
    Released: January 12, 2015
Base track listing
No.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength
1."Déjà-Boo" (데자-부;Deja-bu) (featuring Zion.T) 
  • Jonghyun
  • Zion.T
  • Wefreaky
Philtre3:29
2."Crazy (Guilty Pleasure)" (featuring Iron)
  • Jonghyun
  • Iron
3:41
3."Hallelujah" (할렐루야;Hallelluya)
3:18
4."Love Belt" (featuring Younha) 
  • Jonghyun
  • Wefreaky
Score3:31
5."Neon" 
  • Jonghyun
  • Deez
Deez3:29
6."Mono-Drama" (일인극;Iringeuk) 
  • The Underdogs
  • Dawkins
4:14
7."Beautiful Tonight" (시간이 늦었어;Sigani neujeosseo;lit. It's Late) (Bonus track) 
  • Jonghyun
  • Sojin
Lee Yoon-jae3:50
8."Fortune Cookie" (포춘쿠키;Pochunkuki) (CD-only track) 
  • Jonghyun
  • Oh Joon-hyuk
Hitchhiker2:42
Total length:28:14

Charts

Awards and nominations

Music program awards
SongMusic showDateRef.
"Déjà-Boo" Show! Music Core January 17, 2015 [32]
January 24, 2015 [33]
Inkigayo January 18, 2015 [34]
The Show January 20, 2015 [35]
January 27, 2015 [36]
Show Champion January 21, 2015 [37]
M Countdown January 22, 2015 [38]
Music Bank January 23, 2015 [39]

Release history

Release history and formats for Base
RegionDateFormatLabel
South KoreaJanuary 12, 2015 SM Entertainment
Various
  • Digital download
  • streaming
SM Entertainment

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shinee</span> South Korean boy band

Shinee is a South Korean boy band formed by SM Entertainment in 2008. The group originally consisted of five members: Onew, Key, Minho, Taemin, and Jonghyun, until the latter died in 2017. The group's musical impact in their native country has earned them numerous accolades and the title "Princes of K-pop".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonghyun</span> South Korean singer (1990–2017)

Kim Jong-hyun, known mononymously as Jonghyun, was a South Korean singer-songwriter, record producer, radio host, and author under the SM Entertainment label. He was the vocalist of the South Korean boy band Shinee for nine years, releasing twelve albums with the group in both Korean and Japanese. He also participated in SM Entertainment's project group, SM the Ballad, for the release of two EP albums.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taemin</span> South Korean singer and actor (born 1993)

Lee Tae-min, better known mononymously as Taemin, is a South Korean singer and actor. He debuted as a member of the South Korean boy band Shinee in May 2008 and the supergroup SuperM in 2019, both under SM Entertainment, and has subsequently been labeled by media outlets as the "Idol's Idol" due to the large number of idols citing him as an inspiration. As an actor, Taemin's first role was as Junsu in the 2009 MBC comedy Hilarious Housewives.

<i>Romeo</i> (EP) 2009 EP by Shinee

Romeo is the second EP by South Korean boy group Shinee. It was released on May 25, 2009, in South Korea under the seal of the label SM Entertainment. The EP consists of six tracks including the title song "Juliette" and is Shinee's first Korean release after a seven-month hiatus. On August 29, 2011, a Japanese version of "Juliette" was released as Shinee's second Japanese single with the original Japanese song "Kiss Kiss Kiss" as a B-side. The release peaked at number three on the weekly Oricon chart.

<i>Sherlock</i> (EP) 2012 EP by Shinee

Sherlock is the fourth EP of the South Korean boy group Shinee. The EP consists of seven tracks, including the title song "Sherlock ", a "hybrid remix" of two songs. It was released on March 21, 2012, in South Korea under the label SM Entertainment, and was distributed by KT Music. The EP was made available online worldwide on March 19, 2012. It was Shinee's first Korean release after a year and six months hiatus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sherlock (Clue + Note)</span> 2012 single by Shinee

"Sherlock " is a song recorded by South Korean boy band Shinee as the lead single for their fourth extended play, Sherlock. It was released on March 19, 2012, through SM Entertainment. A mashup of two different tracks, "Sherlock " is often considered K-pop's first "hybrid remix". It was composed and arranged by Thomas Troelsen, Rufio Sandilands, Rocky Morris and Thomas Eriksen, with lyrics penned by Jo Yoon-kyung. The song was commercially successful, reaching number one on the Gaon Digital Chart. A Japanese version was released on May 16, 2012.

"Ring Ding Dong" is a song recorded by South Korean boy band Shinee as the lead single for their third extended play, 2009, Year of Us. It was released on October 14, 2009 through SM Entertainment. Penned by Yoo Young-jin, "Ring Ding Dong" is known for its repetitive, catchy hook.

<i>Ace</i> (EP) 2014 EP by Taemin

Ace is the debut extended play by South Korean singer Taemin. It was released by SM Entertainment on August 18, 2014. "Danger" was released as the lead single.

<i>The Misconceptions of Us</i> 2013 studio album by Shinee

The Misconceptions of Us is the third studio album released by South Korean boy band Shinee. It consists of two parts, Dream Girl – The Misconceptions of You and the second Why So Serious? – The Misconceptions of Me, that were later collected together as The Misconceptions of Us under SM Entertainment and distributed by KT Music.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonghyun discography</span>

South Korean singer-songwriter Kim Jong-hyun has released two studio albums, two compilation albums, one extended play, nine singles and six soundtrack songs. Jonghyun began his career in 2008 as a member of the boy band Shinee. Early on in his career, he recorded songs for the soundtracks of various television shows, such as "So Goodbye" (2011), which sold over 400,000 downloads.

<i>Press It</i> 2016 studio album by Taemin

Press It is the debut studio album by South Korean singer Taemin. It was released on February 23, 2016, by SM Entertainment. The title song for the album is "Press Your Number".

<i>She Is</i> 2016 studio album by Jonghyun

She Is is the debut studio album by South Korean singer-songwriter Jonghyun. It was released on May 24, 2016, by SM Entertainment and distributed by KT Music, and is the only studio album to be released during Jonghyun's lifetime. The album was commercially successful, reaching number one on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart, and received acclaim from music critics. It was nominated for an Album Bonsang at the 31st Golden Disc Awards.

Shinee World 2014 was the third Japan nationwide concert tour by South Korean boy band Shinee, to promote their third Japanese studio album I'm Your Boy. The tour kicked off in Chiba on September 28, 2014, and ended on December 14 in Hyogo, with a total of 30 concerts in 20 cities. On March 14 and 15, 2015, Shinee performed at the Tokyo Dome for the finale performance, which was also their first time performing at the venue. The tour was attended by a total of 300,000 fans.

"Lonely" is a song by South Korean singer-songwriter Jonghyun featuring Taeyeon, a member of girl group Girls' Generation. It was released on April 24, 2017 through SM Entertainment, and served as the lead single for his second compilation album, Story Op.2. It was written, composed and arranged by Jonghyun in collaboration with Wefreaky, Monotree and Imlay. "Lonely" was the last single released by Jonghyun during his lifetime and experienced a surge in popularity following his death by suicide on December 18, 2017, reaching number one on Gaon Digital Chart. It has come to be viewed as emblematic of his struggles with mental health.

<i>Poet Artist</i> 2018 album by Jonghyun

Poet | Artist is the second and final studio album by South Korean singer-songwriter Jonghyun, released posthumously on January 23, 2018, through SM Entertainment.

<i>The Story of Light</i> (Shinee album) 2018 studio album by Shinee

The Story of Light is the sixth studio album by South Korean boy group Shinee. It consists of three EPs that were later collected together in the repackage album, The Story of Light: Epilogue. This album release marks the group's first in South Korea since 1 of 1 in November 2016, and the first since member Jonghyun's death in December 2017. It is the last Shinee release to feature Jonghyun following his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Agit</span> Concert series in Seoul, South Korea

The Agit is a concert series brand by SM Entertainment. It is held in SMTOWN Theatre located in Samseong-dong, Coex Artium in Seoul, South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Don't Call Me (Shinee song)</span> 2021 single by Shinee

"Don't Call Me" is a song by South Korean boy band Shinee. It was released on February 22, 2021, through SM Entertainment and served as the lead single for the album of the same name. "Don't Call Me" was composed by Kenzie, Dem Jointz and Rodnae "Chikk" Bell, and arranged by Dem Jointz, Yoo Young-jin, Kenzie, Ryan S. Jhun and Robbin, with the lyrics was written by Kenzie. It was the group's first single since members Onew, Key and Minho returned from the military.

"View" is a song recorded by South Korean boy band Shinee for their fourth Korean-language studio album Odd (2015). Band member Jonghyun wrote the lyrics, while LDN Noise, Ryan S. Jhun, and Adrian McKinnon handled the composition and production. The song was released on May 18, 2015, as the album's lead single by SM Entertainment. The song incorporates deep house and pop, featuring stripped-down instrumentation. The lyrics are about how people's senses are intensified by love.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kang, Tae-myung (January 8, 2015). 종현, 첫 솔로 "난 발라드 못 한다"···'자작곡' 힘을 보여줘(종합) [Jonghyun, first solo "I can't do ballads"... Show the power of 'self-composed song' (summary)]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024– via Naver.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Park, Ui-ryeong (February 2015). "Guilty Pleasure". Dazed Korea (in Korean).
  3. ↑ Yang, Haley (December 6, 2022). "Minho becomes last piece of the Shinee puzzle with solo EP 'Chase'". Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Yoon, Sarah (January 9, 2015). "'Deja-Boo' is my musical color: Jonghyun". Kpop Herald . Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  5. 1 2 Lee, Jeong-ah (January 13, 2015). 종현, 첫 솔로 쿠키 트랙 '포춘 쿠키'...앨범에만 특별 수록 [Jonghyun's first solo cookie track 'Fortune Cookie'... included exclusively in the album]. SBS Entertainment (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024– via Naver.
  6. ↑ Ko, Hyun-kyung (February 2015). 끼와 정의 사이, 종현[Between Talent and Justice, Jonghyun]. The Celebrity (in Korean).
  7. 1 2 3 4 Kim, Hyung-woo (January 6, 2015). "Shinee's Jonghyun to Pre-release Song with Zion.T". Newsen. Translated by Danbi Hong, Grace. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2015– via Mwave.
  8. ↑ Kim, Sara (January 7, 2015). [한밤의 신곡] 종현의 매력적인 고백..펑키 그루비 '데자-부' [[Midnight New Song] Jonghyun's charming confession.. Funky, groovy 'Deja-Boo']. Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2015– via Naver.
  9. ↑ Shinee's Wonderful Day (in Korean). April 9, 2013. MBC M.
  10. ↑ Interrante, Scott (February 16, 2015). "K-pop Roundup: January 2015 – Life After the 'K-pocalypse'". PopMatters . Archived from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  11. 1 2 Han, In-gu (January 5, 2015). 종현, 첫 솔로 타이틀은 'Crazy'…아이언 피처링 참여 [Jonghyun's first solo title is 'Crazy'... Iron features]. Xports News (in Korean). Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  12. 1 2 Herman, Tamar (December 20, 2017). "Jonghyun's 15 Best Songs: Critic's Picks". Billboard . Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  13. 1 2 Kim, Su-ji; Hwang, Soo-yeon (January 11, 2015). [스타캐스트] "본 적 없는, 데자~부?"…종현, 크레이지 솔로출격 [[Starcast] "Never seen before, Deja-Boo?"... Jonghyun's crazy solo]. Naver Starcast (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 1, 2018.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Hong, Jeong-won (January 9, 2015). 종현 첫 솔로 쇼케이스, 감성에 섹시미까지 곁들이다 [Jonghyun's first solo showcase, full of emotion and sexiness]. Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
  15. 1 2 Kim, Mi-ji (December 20, 2017). [엑's 초점] '혜야'부터 '산하엽'까지…故샤이니 종현의 숨겨진 명곡들 [[X's Focus] From 'Hyeya' to 'San Ha-yeop'... Hidden masterpieces of the late Shinee Jonghyun]. Xports News (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024– via Naver.
  16. ↑ Lee, Ji-hyeon (December 18, 2019). [Opinion] 그의 이야기 [음악] [[Opinion] His story [Music]]. Art Insight (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  17. ↑ Mimyo (January 22, 2015). "종현 – Base (2015)". Idology (in Korean). Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  18. ↑ Dorof, Jakob (December 9, 2015). "The Top 20 K-pop Songs of 2015". Vice . Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  19. ↑ Jeong, Jun-hwa (May 21, 2014). 샤이니 종현, 자작곡 '시간이 늦었어' 깜짝 공개…방송 최초 [Shinee's Jonghyun surprisingly releases his self-composed song 'Beautifil Tonight'... First broadcast]. Sports Dong-a (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2024– via Naver.
  20. ↑ '음원 1위' 종현, '푸른밤'서 윤하 피처링 '러브벨트' 선공개…깜짝선물 ['No.1 Song' Jonghyun pre-released 'Love Belt' featuring Younha on 'Blue Night']. My Daily (in Korean). January 7, 2015. Archived from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2015– via Naver.
  21. 1 2 Danbi Hong, Grace (January 5, 2015). "Shinee's Jonghyun to Collaborate with Younha, Wheesung and Iron in First Solo Album". CJ E&M enewsWorld. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015– via Mwave.
  22. ↑ Ghim, Sora (January 9, 2015). "Jonghyun's Music Video Is An Hot Issue". BNT News. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  23. ↑ Danbi Hong, Grace (January 2, 2015). "Shinee′s Jonghyun to Go Solo with First Mini Album 'Base'". CJ E&M enewsWorld. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015– via Mwave.
  24. 1 2 "Album Chart – Week 4, 2015". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  25. 1 2 Benjamin, Jeff (January 22, 2015). "Shinee's Jonghyun Rises to No. 1 on World Albums Chart With 'Base' EP". Billboard . Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
  26. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (February 11, 2015). "Most Viewed K-Pop Videos in America & Around the World: January 2015". Billboard . Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  27. 1 2 "2015 Album Chart". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  28. ↑ Lee, Yoon-min (January 21, 2016). '골든디스크' 엑소·샤이니 종현 3관왕 'SM 쌍끌이 활약' [종합] ['Golden Disc': Exo and Shinee's Jonghyun both won three awards]. TV Daily. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
  29. ↑ 週間 CDアルバムランキング 2015年01月26日付 [Weekly CD Album Ranking – January 26, 2015] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Heatseekers Albums". Billboard . January 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Album Chart – January 2015". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021.
  32. ↑ Heo, Seol-hee (January 17, 2015). '음악중심' 종현, 솔로 첫 1위에 얼떨떨 "머리 어지러워" [Jonghyun's first win as a soloist on 'Music Core', "I'm dizzy"]. My Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  33. ↑ Jung, Jun-hwa (January 24, 2015). 종현, '음중'도 1위…'데자부'로 여섯번 째 트로피 [Jonghyun also ranked first on 'Music Core'... sixth trophy for 'Deja-Boo']. Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  34. ↑ Kim, So-yeon (January 18, 2015). '인기가요' 샤이니 종현 1위, 솔로 通했다 [Shinee's Jonghyun won first place on 'Inkigayo' as a soloist]. Star News (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  35. ↑ Lee, Seung-hoon (January 20, 2015). [포토] 종현, '나 1위 가수야~'(더쇼) [[Photo] Jonghyun, 'I'm the number one singer' (The Show)]. Sports Chosun (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  36. ↑ Song, Jae-won (January 27, 2015). [포토]'불참' 종현, 더쇼 1위 등극! [[Photo] 'No Attendance' Jonghyun wins first place on The Show!]. Herald Pop (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  37. ↑ Lee, Seung-gil (January 21, 2015). 종현 '데자부', 방송재개 '쇼챔피언'서 1위…거침없는 정상질주 [Jonghyun's 'Deja-Boo' takes first place on Show Champion after broadcasting resumes... a relentless race to the top]. My Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  38. ↑ Kwon, Soo-bin (January 22, 2015). 종현 '엠카'마저 1위, 팬들과 셀카 찍으며 자축 [Jonghyun took first place on M Countdown, celebrating by taking selfies with fans]. News1 (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
  39. ↑ Kim, Sara (January 23, 2015). 종현, '엠카' 이어 '뮤뱅' 1위..공약 '데자-부' 랩 버전 [Jonghyun is number one on 'Music Bank' following 'M Countdown'.. promised rap version of 'Deja-Boo']. Osen (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021– via Naver.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.