Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781)

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Battle of Saldanha Bay
Part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Loss of the Dankbaarheyt One of the Rich Dutch East India Prizes - taken by a squadron under the Command of Commodore Johnstone in Saldanha Bay - On 30th of January 1782 - the ship in such bad condition, as to be RMG PY8442.jpg
Dankbaarheid , a Dutch ship captured during the battle, foundering on 30 January 1782
Date21 July 1781
Location 33°01′S17°57′E / 33.017°S 17.950°E / -33.017; 17.950
Result British victory
Belligerents
Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg  Great Britain Statenvlag.svg  Dutch Republic
Commanders and leaders
Naval Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg George Johnstone Statenvlag.svg Gerrit Harmeyer
Strength
5 ships of the line
3 frigates
2 sloops
1 fireship
1 bomb ship
7 troopships
8 merchant ships
Casualties and losses
None 5 merchant ships captured
1 merchant ship destroyed

The Battle of Saldanha Bay was a naval action that occurred off the Dutch Cape Colony on 21 July 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War. A squadron of Royal Navy warships under the command of commodore George Johnstone captured five Dutch East India Company ships; her own crew destroyed a sixth. Casualties on the Dutch side were minimal if any, and there were no British casualties.

Contents

Background

British Commodore George Johnstone was given secret orders to capture the Dutch Cape Colony. However, the French learned of his mission, and Admiral Pierre André de Suffren was sent to frustrate it. Suffren was en route to the Indian Ocean, but the French government had warned him so he sought to reach the Cape before Johnstone. After an indecisive chance encounter (Battle of Porto Praya), between the two fleets in the Cape Verde Islands on 16 April 1781, Suffren sailed for the Cape while Johnstone remained at Porto Praya for repairs. As a result, Johnstone found the Dutch settlement well defended when he arrived there in July and decided against an attack.

The Dutch governor Joachim van Plettenberg had, as a precaution, directed the westbound merchant fleet, laden with goods, to anchor in Saldanha Bay and wait for French escort but where they would be concealed from the British fleet. They were under orders to ground and burn their ships if the British were to appear; however they were not vigilant in their watches.

One of Johnstone's frigates, flying French colours, intercepted a Dutch merchantmen that had left the bay several days earlier, heading east. The Dutch vessel was the Held Woltemade , which had sailed from Saldanha Bay on 28 June carrying stores and £40,000 in bullion to Ceylon. She struck to HMS Active on 1 July. [1] [a] From Held Woltemade Johnstone learned of the whereabouts of the Dutch merchantmen.

Battle

A portrait of Commodore George Johnstone British School - Captain George Johnstone (1730-1787) - BHC2808 - Royal Museums Greenwich.jpg
A portrait of Commodore George Johnstone

Bearing off Saldanha Bay Johnstone sighted the Dutch merchant ships, and entered the bay flying French colors. He then raised the British ensign and opened fire, totally surprising the Dutch. The Dutch could not escape and decided to destroy their ships rather than let them fall into British hands. The Dutch cut their cables, loosed their top sails, and drove the vessels on shore. Once this was done they attempted to torch the ships, and the British, now in their boats, attempted to extinguish the fires. The British were successful, taking as prizes Dankbaerheid , Paerl, Honcoop , and Hoogcarspel. Middelburg, however, burnt furiously and was left alone. She blew up after very nearly colliding with two of the prizes.

Rattlesnake surprised and captured a hooker (a type of coastal craft), laden with the sails of the captured ships and hidden away behind Schapin (Schaapen) Island. The Dutch had put the sails on board and hidden the hooker to make seizing the Indiamen more difficult. [3] By the end of the day the British had captured another two hookers, which Johnstone could not easily remove. In order not to leave any marks of "barbarity towards a settlement where our wants had so often been relieved", he gave them back to the Dutch. [3]

Aftermath

After the British Royal Navy captured the Dutch East Indiamen, a boat rowed out to meet the British warships. On board were the "kings of Ternate and Tidore, and the princes of the respective families". The Dutch had long held these captives on Isle Robin, but then had moved them to Saldanha Bay. [3]

The British sent their prizes back to England. Only two reached their destination, and that with difficulty and after some fighting in the English Channel. A French frigate attacked Hoogcarspel, but she succeeded in getting to Mount's Bay where she was escorted. Also, two French privateers attacked Paerl, which succeeded in escaping. Dankbaerheid and Honcoop were lost in January 1782 as the result of a gale at the mouth of the Channel. The prize crew on Dankbaerheid were able to escape and reached Lisbon in safety. Honcoop disappeared and was believed to have foundered with all hands. [4]

Order of battle

Dutch order of battle

The information below on the Dutch vessels captured at Saldhana Bay comes from Lloyd's List, [5] van Niekerk, [6] and Nieuwe Nederlandsche jaerboeken. [7]

NameMasterTons burthenGunsVoyageNotes
Dankbaerheid Hendrik Steetsel (or Steedsel)100024Bengal to RotterdamLost on passage to England; [8] built for the Rotterdam Chamber in 1772; cargo value: ƒ 427,490 (Rotterdam), 353,265 (Delft), and 130 (Amsterdam) [6]
Paerl (or Paarl)Dirk Cornelisz. Plokker [6] 110020China to AmsterdamBuilt for the Amsterdam Chamber in 1778; cargo value: ƒ658,673 [6]
Honcoop (or Hencoop)Axellandt110020China to AmsterdamLost on passage to England; [8] built for the Zeeland Chamber in 1770; cargo value: ƒ657,355 [6]
HoogcarspelGerrit Harmeir, (or Harmeyer [9] ), Commodore for the squadron [10] 110020China to AmsterdamBuilt 1771 for the Delft Chamber; cargo value: ƒ516,911 [6]
Held WoltemadeSwerus Vrolyk110014Amsterdam to CeylonCaptured prior to the "battle" [1]
MiddelburgJustus van Gennep, (or Van Gennip) [9] )110024China to AmsterdamBurnt; built for the Zeeland Chamber in 1775; cargo value: ƒ 643,543 [6]

The British had insured their prizes so when Dankbaerheid and Honcoop were lost in transit to Britain the captors still benefited from the insurance money. [11] The total prize money for Paerl and Hoogcarspel, which was divided between Johnstone's squadron and the Army under the command of General Sir William Meadows, amounted to £68,000. [12]

British order of battle

Warships (per prize money announcements):

In addition to the warships, the following troopships also shared in the prize money for the Paerl and Hoogkarspel: San Carlos, Porpoise, Raikes, Royal Charlotte, Resolution, Manilla, and Pondicherry. [13]

Notes

  1. Both Lark and Rattlesnake, and probably the rest of the squadron as well, shared in the prize money for Held woltenmade. [2] That prize money for Held woltenmade was paid suggests that Held woltenmade had arrived safely at a British port and had been condemned there.
  2. Some sources state that HMS Tapageur (14-gun cutter), under Lieutenant Philippe d'Auvergne, was part of the squadron, not Lark. However, Tapaguer had sunk a year before. Furthermore, Lark, under d'Auvergne, was part of Johnstone's squadron.

Citations

  1. 1 2 The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 50, pp.503-4.
  2. "No. 12624". The London Gazette . 22 February 1785. pp. 104–105.
  3. 1 2 3 The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History ..., (October 1781), Vol. 2, p.90.
  4. van Niekerk (2015), p. 428.
  5. Lloyd's List, - accessed 17 December 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 van Niekerk (2015), pp. 406–7.
  7. Nieuwe Nederlandsche jaarboeken, p. 1987-1991
  8. 1 2 "No. 13902". The London Gazette . 18 June 1796. p. 583.
  9. 1 2 The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History ..., (1781), Vol. 2, p.89.
  10. van Niekerk (2015), p. 406.
  11. "No. 12593". The London Gazette . 6 November 1784. p. 1.
  12. "No. 13914". The London Gazette . 23 July 1796. p. 705.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "No. 12654". The London Gazette . 7 June 1785. p. 280.
  14. "No. 12657". The London Gazette . 18 June 1785. p. 303.

References