This article contains content that is written like an advertisement .(October 2019) |
Established | 1956 |
---|---|
Research type | Basic (non-clinical), Clinical and Translational Research |
Field of research | Immune System and Autoimmune Disease Research |
President | Jane H. Buckner, MD [1] |
Address | 1201 Ninth Avenue |
Location | Seattle, WA |
Affiliations | Virginia Mason Health System [2] |
Website | www |
Benaroya Research Institute (BRI) is a Seattle, Washington non-profit organization that conducts medical research on many diseases and immune disorders, including autoimmune disease. It is affiliated with Virginia Mason Health System, and is located on the campus of Virginia Mason Medical Center. [2]
Much of BRI's research aims to understand how immune cells function and why they malfunction to cause disease. [3] [4] BRI researchers study how immune cells contribute to rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases. [3] [4]
BRI uses translational research and clinical trials to carry its findings from the lab to the clinic, to inform how physicians diagnose and treat disease. [4] [5]
BRI was founded in 1956 as the Virginia Mason Research Center. [6] [7] [8] In 1985, Gerald Nepom became BRI's director and established its immunology research program. [4] [9] [7]
In 1999, BRI moved into a new, 100,000 square-foot building at the corner of Seneca and 9th Avenue, in Seattle's First Hill neighborhood. [10] The building was named the Benaroya Research Institute in honor of donations from the Benaroya family. [11]
In the late 1990s, BRI's William Kwok and Nepom developed MHC class II tetramer technology that helps researchers find and study antigen-specific T cells. [12] These tetramers are customized (using different HLA/peptide combinations) for use by researchers to study how the immune system responds to many different diseases and pathogens, including influenza, human papillomavirus, allergies, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. [12]
In 2016, Jane Buckner took over from Nepom and became BRI's president. [9] [13] Nepom remained at BRI as a researcher and faculty member. [9] [13]
BRI studies immune cells and immunotherapies that reprogram those cells; these therapies could inform treatments and cures for type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. [4] [14]
BRI's uses its biorepositories of blood and specimens from individuals with autoimmune diseases and other disorders, and from healthy individuals to conduct research. [15] BRI has eight biorepositories that contain samples dating back to the year 2000. [16]
In 2014, BRI was awarded a seven year, $27 million per-year grant to become headquarters of the Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), a clinical research consortium with more than 200 research sites around the world. [17] The ITN investigates how to retrain the immune system to tolerate organ transplants and reduce the effects of allergies, autoimmune diseases and other health issues. [17] [18] The ITN is directed by Nepom. [17]
BRI's Carla Greenbaum is chair of Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet. [19] TrialNet is an international research network that is pursuing new ways to identify, slow the progression of and ultimately prevent type 1 diabetes. [20]
In 2016, BRI received a five-year, $8 million NIH grant to lead a collaboration that studies how the immune system responds to allergens in the lungs, and how those allergens trigger asthma attacks. [21] The collaboration includes researchers from BRI, UW Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute. [21] Their work could lead to new therapies for allergies and asthma. [22]
BRI is also studying immunotherapies to treat type 1 diabetes. In 2016, Buckner and her colleagues received $1 million from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust to investigate ways to change "attacker" cells into cells that stop disease. [23] The researchers are isolating the cells that mount autoimmune attacks, and then "reprogramming" them by editing their genes. [24] [25]
In 2017, the Helmsley Trust awarded the researchers an additional $2 million to continue testing the edited cells in the lab. [25]
In 2017, BRI's Erik Wambre and his colleagues identified a type of cell, called Th2A, that appears to drive all allergies. [26] This discovery could change the trajectory of allergy research and treatment by informing to therapies that target this common enemy. [26] [27] Th2A cells could also be used as biomarkers, or indicators to show whether a person has an allergy or is responding to therapy. [27] [26]
In 2018, BRI's Emma L. Kuan and Steven F. Ziegler discovered that a protein called thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) helps breast cancer tumors survive and spread. They also showed that blocking this protein in laboratory models significantly inhibited the growth of breast cancer tumors and kept them from spreading. Kuan and Ziegler are investigating if drugs that block TSLP might be effective against breast cancer. [28] [29]
In 2018, BRI researchers contributed to a finding about babies’ sleep patterns: Many infants sleep better and for longer when they start eating solid foods. In the study, half the babies subsisted entirely on breast milk until six months of age, while the other half started eating solid foods at three months of age. Compared to babies who were solely breast-fed, the infants who ate solid food slept for two more hours per week and woke up two fewer times per night. The findings were published in JAMA Pediatrics, and the study was led by Gideon Lack, a professor at King's College London whose work is funded by the Immune Tolerance Network – which is housed at BRI. [30] [31]
In 2018, BRI's Bernard Khor was awarded an NIH grant to investigate why nearly 50 percent of people with Down syndrome (DS) have autoimmune diseases. Khor and BRI are building one of the world's first DS biorepositories to study why people with DS are so susceptible to autoimmune diseases. Dr. Khor's team will use these samples to analyze immune cells from patients with DS and patients with both DS and autoimmune disease. The researchers will compare their findings to samples from the patients’ healthy family members. This could lead to insights about autoimmune diseases and inform therapies to treat them. [32]
BRI's Peter Linsley contributed to research that helped James Allison and Tasuku Honjo win the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in December 2018. Allison and Honjo received the prize for research related to checkpoint inhibitor therapies for cancer. Linsley is BRI's Director of Systems Immunology, and his research on T cell activation in the early 1990s significantly contributed to the body of knowledge that later helped Allison and Honjo pioneer this breakthrough approach. [33]
In March 2019, Margaret McCormick, PhD, became BRI’s Executive Director after their previous director, Homer Lane, retired. [34]
In June 2019, BRI and Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet showed that an immunotherapy drug called teplizumab delayed T1D for a median of two years for those at high risk for the disease. [35] This is the first time scientists have been able to use a therapy to delay type 1 diabetes. [36]
BRI started conducting cancer research in 2014, in part to investigate why cancer patients developed autoimmunity as a side effect of taking checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. [36] In 2019, BRI received two grants to learn more about this cancer-autoimmunity connection. In May 2019, they received a grant from the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, JDRF, and The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust to study why some checkpoint inhibitor patients develop an autoimmune response that resembles type 1 diabetes. [37] In September 2019, BRI received a $4.5 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to study why immunotherapy only works for some people, and why it triggers an autoimmune response in others. [38]
In December 2019, BRI launched the Sound Life Project, which aims to profile the healthy human immune system to lay the groundwork for better ways to diagnose, treat and prevent immune system diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Scientists will examine the immune systems of healthy volunteers in two age segments (25-35 and 55-65) over two years with the goal of understanding what constitutes a “normal” baseline of young and aging immune systems, as well as other lifestyle and environmental factors that may influence it. The Sound Life Project is BRI’s initial project of a research collaboration led by the new Allen Institute for Immunology. BRI’s role is to provide detailed information about healthy immune systems to serve as a foundation for existing and future disease research programs. [39]
In March 2020, BRI launched a Gut Immunity program. This program brings together three scientists, Adam Lacy-Hulbert, PhD, James Lord, MD, PhD, and Oliver Harrison, DPhil, who study different aspects of diseases that impact the gut. Their goal is to create better treatments and cures for diseases like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac disease. [40]
In July 2020, BRI announced that the National Institutes of Health awarded them over $5.8 million to study COVID-19. This work includes examining why some people who have the virus get severely ill and others have no symptoms; COVID-19’s impact on lung tissue; and why some patients have an overactive inflammatory response called a cytokine storm. [41]
In early August 2020, BRI and Seattle Children’s announced a licensing deal with biotech startup GentiBio. The partnership aims to use engineered regulatory T cells to treat autoimmune and allergic diseases. [42]
In late August 2020, BRI researchers discovered a new pathway that can help protect cells from viruses including COVID-19 and Ebola. [43] They found that one gene, CIITA, can help human cells resist the virus by activating another gene, CD74 p41. When activated, the second gene stops the virus from infecting your cells. They used a novel technique called transposon-mediated gene activation to pinpoint which genes prevent infection. [44]
In fall 2020, BRI became a testing site for the Pfizer vaccine Phase III trial. [45] About 100 people are participating in this two-year trial. BRI’s team collected data about if the vaccine prevented COVID-19 infections [46] and side effects participants experienced and is continuing to monitor participants. [47]
In November 2020, BRI President Jane Buckner, MD, was named a Woman of Influence by the Puget Sound Business Journal. [48] She was one of 18 honorees out of 222 nominees. The award is given to leaders who make a lasting impact on their industries and communities. [49]
In December 2020, Jessica Hamerman, PhD, was awarded a $200,000 research grant from the Lupus Research Alliance. She is studying an autoantibody called IgA that’s present in about half of people with lupus. She aims to find out if IgA plays a role in causing the disease and, if so, how if it could be a drug target to inform better treatments for lupus. [50]
BRI has received United States federal grants for research for a wide variety of research projects, including research on autoimmune diseases, [51] allergies [52] and asthma. [22]
In 2010, BRI became the main beneficiary of the annual Boeing Classic golf tournament. [53] The Boeing Classic has raised more than $6 million from 2005 to 2017 for BRI and other charities. [54]
In 2015, BRI ranked third in National Institutes of Health funding among Washington State research institutions. [55]
In 2016, BRI's annual budget was approximately $70 million. [56] Approximately 71 percent of BRI's 2016 research was supported by government research grants and contracts. The remaining revenues came from philanthropic donations, pharmaceutical studies, foundation grants and other sources.
In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". Prominent examples include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Autoimmune diseases are very often treated with steroids.
The Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope (BRI) is a not-for-profit medical research facility located at and partnering with the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, United States. It is dedicated to studying normal and abnormal biological processes which may be related to cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and other life-threatening diseases. Both basic and clinical research are carried out in cooperation with the City of Hope National Medical Center. The institute itself is organized into more than 20 departments and divisions. As of 2021, the director is Steven T. Rosen. The Beckman Research Institute also hosts the Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences whose founding dean was Arthur Riggs.
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.
Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies. Immunotherapy is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of cancer.
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection and environmental factors, such as nutrition. Immunocompromisation may also be due to genetic diseases/flaws such as SCID.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, (CTLA-4) also known as CD152, is a protein receptor that functions as an immune checkpoint and downregulates immune responses. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells but only upregulated in conventional T cells after activation – a phenomenon which is particularly notable in cancers. It acts as an "off" switch when bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. It is encoded by the gene CTLA4 in humans.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin are destroyed by the immune system. Insulin is a hormone required for the cells to use blood sugar for energy and it helps regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream. Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in the body. The common symptoms of this elevated blood sugar are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss, and other serious complications. Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, tiredness, and slow wound healing. Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time, often a matter of weeks if not months.
Helminthic therapy, an experimental type of immunotherapy, is the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immune disorders by means of deliberate infestation with a helminth or with the eggs of a helminth. Helminths are parasitic worms such as hookworms, whipworms, and threadworms that have evolved to live within a host organism on which they rely for nutrients. These worms are members of two phyla: nematodes, which are primarily used in human helminthic therapy, and flat worms (trematodes).
Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease. It is one of the autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. Most often, IPEX presents with autoimmune enteropathy, dermatitis (eczema), and autoimmune endocrinopathy, but other presentations exist.
Non-obese diabetic or NOD mice, like biobreeding rats, are used as an animal model for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes develops in NOD mice as a result of insulitis, a leukocytic infiltrate of the pancreatic islets. The onset of diabetes is associated with a moderate glycosuria and a non-fasting hyperglycemia. It is recommended to monitor for development of glycosuria from 10 weeks of age; this can be carried out using urine glucose dipsticks. NOD mice will develop spontaneous diabetes when left in a sterile environment. The incidence of spontaneous diabetes in the NOD mouse is 60–80% in females and 20–30% in males. Onset of diabetes also varies between males and females: commonly, onset is delayed in males by several weeks. The mice are known to carry IgG2c allele.
Immunogenetics or immungenetics is the branch of Medical Immunology and Medical Genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics.
An autoimmune disease is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the adaptive immune system, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms. It is estimated that there are more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, with recent scientific evidence suggesting the existence of potentially more than 100 distinct conditions. Nearly any body part can be involved.
Tolerx, Inc. was a biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was focused on discovering and developing new therapies designed to treat patients by reprogramming the immune system, allowing for long-term remission of immune-related diseases after a short course of therapy. Targeted diseases include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer, chronic and viral diseases. In 2008, Tolerx was named one of Fierce Biotech’s Fierce 15. In October 2011, Tolerx was shut down due to an unsuccessful Phase III trial in patients recently diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes.
Nivolumab, sold under the brand name Opdivo, is a medication used to treat a number of types of cancer. This includes melanoma, lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma, renal cell carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, head and neck cancer, urothelial carcinoma, colon cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, gastric cancer, and esophageal or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. It is used by slow injection into a vein.
James Patrick Allison is an American immunologist and Nobel laureate who holds the position of professor and chair of immunology and executive director of immunotherapy platform at the MD Anderson Cancer Center at the University of Texas.
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) is a cancer treatment and research center in Seattle, Washington. Established in 1998, this nonprofit provides clinical oncology care for patients treated at its three partner organizations: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Children's and UW Medicine. Together, these four institutions form the Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium.
PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitor anticancer drugs that block the activity of PD-1 and PDL1 immune checkpoint proteins present on the surface of cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are emerging as a front-line treatment for several types of cancer.
Cancer Breakthroughs 2020, also known as Cancer Moonshot 2020 is a coalition with the goal of finding vaccine-based immunotherapies against cancer. By pooling the resources of multinational pharmaceutical, biotechnology companies, academic centers and oncologists, it intends to create access to over 60 novel and approved agents under exploration in the war against cancer and is expected to enable rapid testing of novel immunotherapy combination protocols. The initiative is being managed by a consortium of companies called The National Immunotherapy Coalition.
Jeffrey A. Bluestone is the A.W. and Mary Margaret Clausen Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Metabolism and Endocrinology at the University of California, San Francisco, and was, for a number of years, an earlier executive vice chancellor and provost of that university. He began the UCSF affiliation in 2000, after earlier extended positions at the NCI-NIH, and at The University of Chicago. Bluestone earned his undergraduate and masters degrees in microbiology from Rutgers State University, and his doctoral degree in immunology from Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science. His current research is focused on understanding T cell activation and immune tolerance in autoimmunity and organ transplantation. In April 2016, he co-founded and served as the president and CEO of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy,. In 2019, he co-founded and is Chief Executive Officer and President of Sonoma Biotherapeutics.
Vijay K. Kuchroo is an Indian-American immunologist and serial entrepreneur. He is the Samuel L. Wasserstrom chair of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. He is also the director of the Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.