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Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949. Berkelium was the fifth transuranium element discovered after neptunium, plutonium, curium and americium.
Lead(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb(NO3)2. It commonly occurs as a colourless crystal or white powder and, unlike most other lead(II) salts, is soluble in water.
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a chemical database founded in 1978 by Günter Bergerhoff and I. D. Brown. It is now produced by FIZ Karlsruhe in Europe and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It seeks to contain information on all inorganic crystal structures published since 1913, including pure elements, minerals, metals, and intermetallic compounds. ICSD contains over 210,000 entries as of December 2020 and is updated twice a year.
Americium(III) chloride or americium trichloride is the chemical compound composed of americium and chlorine with the formula AmCl3. This salt forms pink hexagonal crystals. In the solid state each americium atom has nine chlorine atoms as near neighbours, at approximately the same distance, in a tricapped trigonal prismatic configuration.
Few compounds of californium have been made and studied. The only californium ion that is stable in aqueous solutions is the californium(III) cation. The other two oxidation states are IV (strong oxidizing agents) and II (strong reducing agents). The element forms a water-soluble chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, and sulfate and is precipitated as a fluoride, oxalate or hydroxide. If problems of availability of the element could be overcome, then CfBr2 and CfI2 would likely be stable.
Berkelium forms a number of chemical compounds, where it normally exists in an oxidation state of +3 or +4, and behaves similarly to its lanthanide analogue, terbium. Like all actinides, berkelium easily dissolves in various aqueous inorganic acids, liberating gaseous hydrogen and converting into the trivalent oxidation state. This trivalent state is the most stable, especially in aqueous solutions, but tetravalent berkelium compounds are also known. The existence of divalent berkelium salts is uncertain and has only been reported in mixed lanthanum chloride-strontium chloride melts. Aqueous solutions of Bk3+ ions are green in most acids. The color of the Bk4+ ions is yellow in hydrochloric acid and orange-yellow in sulfuric acid. Berkelium does not react rapidly with oxygen at room temperature, possibly due to the formation of a protective oxide surface layer; however, it reacts with molten metals, hydrogen, halogens, chalcogens and pnictogens to form various binary compounds. Berkelium can also form several organometallic compounds.
Californium(III) bromide is an inorganic compound, a salt with a chemical formula CfBr3. Like in californium oxide (Cf2O3) and other californium halides, including californium(III) fluoride (CfF3), californium(III) chloride, and californium(III) iodide (CfI3), the californium atom has an oxidation state of +3.
Berkelium(IV) oxide, also known as berkelium dioxide, is a chemical compound with the formula BkO2. This compound slowly decays to californium(IV) oxide. It can be converted to berkelium(III) oxide by hydrogen reduction at 600 °C.
Holmium phosphide is a binary inorganic compound of holmium and phosphorus with the chemical formula HoP. The compound forms dark crystals and does not dissolve in water.
Gadolinium phosphide is an inorganic compound of gadolinium and phosphorus with the chemical formula GdP.
Einsteinium compounds are compounds that contain the element einsteinium (Es). These compounds largely have einsteinium in the +3 oxidation state, or in some cases in the +2 and +4 oxidation states. Although einsteinium is relatively stable, with half-lives ranging from 20 days upwards, these compounds have not been studied in great detail.
Berkelium(III) chloride also known as berkelium trichloride, is a chemical compound with the formula BkCl3. It is a water-soluble green salt with a melting point of 603 °C. This compound forms the hexahydrate, BkCl3·6H2O.
Berkelium tetrafluoride is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and fluorine with the chemical formula BkF4.
Californium(III) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of californium and oxygen with the formula Cf
2O
3. It is one of the first obtained solid compounds of californium, synthesized in 1958.
Berkelium(III) iodide is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and iodine with the chemical formula BkI3.
Berkelium(III) fluoride is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and fluorine with the chemical formula BkF
3.
Berkelium(III) oxide is a binary inorganic compound of berkelium and oxygen with the chemical formula Bk
2O
3.
Radium iodide is an inorganic compound of radium and iodide with the chemical formula RaI2.
Berkelium bromide is a bromide of berkelium, with the chemical formula BkBr3.
Berkelium(III) oxychloride is an inorganic compound of berkelium, chlorine, and oxygen with the chemical formula BkOCl.
References
- ↑ Nuclear Science Abstracts. Oak Ridge Directed Operations, Technical Information Division. 1967. p. 370. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ↑ Crystal Data: Determinative Tables. National Bureau of Standards. 1978. p. 107. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ↑ Donnay, Joseph Désiré Hubert (1978). Crystal Data: Inorganic compounds 1967-1969. National Bureau of Standards. p. I-13. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ↑ Mi︠a︡soedov, Boris Fedorovich (1974). Analytical Chemistry of Transplutonium Elements. Wiley. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-470-62715-0 . Retrieved 16 July 2023.
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