Related Research Articles
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680,also known as Popé's Rebellion or Po'pay's Rebellion,was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México,larger than present-day New Mexico. Incidents of brutality and cruelty,coupled with persistent Spanish policies that stoked animosity,gave rise to the eventual Revolt of 1680. The persecution and mistreatment of Pueblo people who adhered to traditional religious practices was the most despised of these. The Spaniards were resolved to abolish "pagan" forms of worship and replace them with Christianity. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards returned to New Mexico twelve years later.
Bernardino de Sahagún was a Franciscan friar,missionary priest and pioneering ethnographer who participated in the Catholic evangelization of colonial New Spain. Born in Sahagún,Spain,in 1499,he journeyed to New Spain in 1529. He learned Nahuatl and spent more than 50 years in the study of Aztec beliefs,culture and history. Though he was primarily devoted to his missionary task,his extraordinary work documenting indigenous worldview and culture has earned him the title as “the first anthropologist." He also contributed to the description of Nahuatl,the imperial language of the Aztec Empire. He translated the Psalms,the Gospels,and a catechism into Nahuatl.
The Spanish Missions in New Mexico were a series of religious outposts in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México —present day New Mexico. They were established by Franciscan friars under charter from the monarchs of the Spanish Empire and the government of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in a policy called Reductions to facilitate the conversion of Native Americans into Christianity.
The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. Sahagún originally titled it La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España. After a translation mistake,it was given the name Historia general de las Cosas de Nueva España. The best-preserved manuscript is commonly referred to as the Florentine Codex,as the codex is held in the Laurentian Library of Florence,Italy.
Juan de Torquemada was a Franciscan friar,active as missionary in colonial Mexico and considered the "leading Franciscan chronicler of his generation." Administrator,engineer,architect and ethnographer,he is most famous for his monumental work commonly known as Monarquía indiana,a survey of the history and culture of the indigenous peoples of New Spain together with an account of their conversion to Christianity,first published in Spain in 1615 and republished in 1723. Monarquia Indiana was the "prime text of Mexican history,and was destined to influence all subsequent chronicles until the twentieth century." It was used by later historians,the Franciscan Augustin de Vetancurt and most importantly by 18th-century Jesuit Francisco Javier Clavijero. No English translation of this work has ever been published.
The Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco,Mexico City,is the first and oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas and the first major school of interpreters and translators in the New World. It was established by the Franciscans on January 6,1536 with the intention,as is generally accepted,of preparing Native American boys for eventual ordination to the Catholic priesthood. Students trained in the Colegio were important contributors to the work of Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún in the creation of his monumental twelve-volume General History of the Things of New Spain,often referred to as the Florentine Codex. The failure of the Colegio had long-lasting consequences,with scholar Robert Ricard saying that "[h]ad the College of Tlatelolco given the country even one [native] bishop,the history of the Mexican Church might have been profoundly changed."
Martín Ignacio Martínez de Mallea,known as Martín Ignacio de Loyola,was a Franciscan friar,best known for his two travels around the world in 1580–1584 and 1585–1589,being the first person to complete the world circumnavigation twice in different directionsA,and for his missionary effort in China.
The Archdiocese of San Fernando is the archdiocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in Pampanga,Philippines which has territorial jurisdiction over the whole province of Pampanga and Angeles City. The archdiocese is also the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of the same name,which also include three dioceses of its surrounding provinces of Bataan,Zambales,and Tarlac. The cathedral church and seat of the archdiocese is the Metropolitan Cathedral of San Fernando (Pampanga). The Virgin Mary,under the title Virgen de los Remedios,is the principal patroness.
The Twelve Apostles of Mexico,the Franciscan Twelve,or the Twelve Apostles of New Spain,were a group of twelve Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the newly-founded Viceroyalty of New Spain on May 13 or 14,1524 and reached Mexico City on June 17 or 18,with the goal of converting its indigenous population to Christianity. Conqueror Hernán Cortés had requested friars of the Franciscan and Dominican Orders to evangelize the Indians. Despite the small number,it had religious significance and also marked the beginning of the systematic evangelization of the Indians in New Spain.
Pedro Zambrano Ortiz,O.F.M.,was a Spanish Franciscan friar who was guardian of the Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos in the settlement of Pecos,in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México of New Spain,from no later than 1619 until the fall of 1621. He then served at Galisteo Pueblo,and was still in charge of the mission in 1632
Fray Juan de Salas was a Spanish Franciscan friar who provided religious instruction to the people of New Mexico and what is now Texas in the first half of the seventeenth century.
Francisco Manuel de Silva Nieto was Governor of New Mexico at a time when it was a province of New Spain.
Estéban de Perea was a Spanish Franciscan friar who undertook missionary work in New Mexico,a province of New Spain,between 1610 and 1638. At times he was in conflict with the governors of the province. He has been called the "Father of the New Mexican Church".
Pedro de Peralta was Governor of New Mexico between 1610 and 1613 at a time when it was a province of New Spain. He formally founded the city of Santa Fe,New Mexico in 1610. In August 1613 he was arrested and jailed for almost a year by the Franciscan friar Isidro Ordóñez. Later,he was vindicated by the Mexican Inquisition and held a number of other senior posts in the Spanish imperial administration.
Isidro Ordóñez was a Franciscan friar who seized control of New Mexico in 1613,imprisoning Governor Pedro de Peralta. Later he was summoned to Mexico City and reprimanded for his actions by the Mexican Inquisition.
Juan de Eulate was a Spanish soldier who served with distinction in the Netherlands,and later was appointed Governor of New Mexico between 1618 and 1625 at a time when it was a province of New Spain. He then became Governor of the Margarita Province,based on Isla Margarita off the coast of what today is Venezuela,from 1630 to 1638 before retiring to Spain.
Luis de Guzmán y Figueroa was a Spanish soldier who served as governor of New Mexico from 1647 to 1649.
Francisco de la Mora y Ceballos was a Spanish military officer and merchant who served as governor of colonial New Mexico between March 1632 and 1635.
Fray Bernardo de Lugo was a Spanish Neogranadine linguist,friar and writer. He has been an important contributor to the knowledge about the Chibcha language of the Muisca,having published the oldest surviving work on the language in 1619.
Nicolás Hidalgo was a Jesuit missionary to New Spain,accused by natives of rape,murder,and violent abuse.
References
Citations
- ↑ Meredith 2012.
- ↑ Kessell 1995, p. 97.
- 1 2 3 Kessell 1995, p. 98.
- 1 2 García 2008, p. 39.
- ↑ Gutierrez 1991, p. 110.
- ↑ Archaeological Institute of America 1890, p. 226.
Sources
- Archaeological Institute of America (1890). Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America: American series. A. Williams and Company. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
- García, José (Summer 2008). "Colonial Governors, 1614–1625". La Herencia. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
- Gutierrez, Ramon (1991-01-01). When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1832-5 . Retrieved 2012-08-31.
- Kessell, John L. (1995-01-31). Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840. Western National Parks Association. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-877856-56-3 . Retrieved 2012-08-28.
- Meredith, Grace (2012). "Zavallos, Bernardino de". New Mexico State Record Center and Archives. Retrieved 2012-08-31.[ permanent dead link ]