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Santa Fe de Nuevo México was a province of the Spanish Empire and New Spain,and later a territory of independent Mexico. The first capital was San Juan de los Caballeros from 1598 until 1610,and from 1610 onward the capital was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís.
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680,also known as Popé's Rebellion or Po'pay's Rebellion,was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México,larger than present-day New Mexico. Incidents of brutality and cruelty,coupled with persistent Spanish policies such as those that occurred in 1599 and resulted in the Ácoma Massacre,stoked animosity,gave rise to the eventual Revolt of 1680. The persecution and mistreatment of Pueblo people who adhered to traditional religious practices was the most despised of these. Scholars consider it the first Native American religious traditionalist revitalization movement. The Spaniards were resolved to abolish "pagan" forms of worship and replace them with Christianity. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards returned to New Mexico twelve years later.
The term Navajo Wars covers at least three distinct periods of conflict in the American West:the Navajo against the Spanish;the Navajo against the Mexican government;and the Navajo against the United States. These conflicts ranged from small-scale raiding to large expeditions mounted by governments into territory controlled by the Navajo. The Navajo Wars also encompass the widespread raiding that took place throughout the period;the Navajo raided other tribes and nearby settlements,who in return raided into Navajo territory,creating a cycle of raiding that perpetuated the conflict.
The Archdiocese of Santa Fe is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the southwestern region of the United States in the state of New Mexico. While the mother church,the Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi,is in the city of Santa Fe,its administrative center is in the city of Albuquerque. The Diocese comprises the counties of Rio Arriba,Taos,Colfax,Union,Mora,Harding,Los Alamos,Sandoval,Santa Fe,San Miguel,Quay,Bernalillo,Valencia,Socorro,Torrance,Guadalupe,De Baca,Roosevelt,and Curry. The current archbishop is John Charles Wester,who was installed on June 4,2015.
The history of New Mexico is based on archaeological evidence,attesting to the varying cultures of humans occupying the area of New Mexico since approximately 9200 BCE,and written records. The earliest peoples had migrated from northern areas of North America after leaving Siberia via the Bering Land Bridge. Artifacts and architecture demonstrate ancient complex cultures in this region.
Nicolás de Aguilar a mestizo,was a Spanish official in New Mexico. He defended the Pueblo Indians who wanted to continue their earlier religious practices even after converting,clashed with the Franciscan missionaries,and was tried and found guilty of heresy by the Mexican Inquisition. As a result of this conviction,his public career ended and he was banished from New Mexico.
Antonio Valverde y Cosío was the architect behind the disastrous Villasur expedition wherein the famous Spanish colonial scout JoséNaranjo perished.
Juan Francisco Treviño was the Governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México from 1675 to 1679. As governor,he persecuted the Pueblo Native Americans,causing the Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish settlers.
Tomás Vélez Cachupín was a colonial judge,and the Spanish colonial governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México province,located in the northern Viceroyalty of New Spain,from 1749 to 1754 and 1762 to 1767. During his rule,Cachupín achieved the peace between Spaniards and the Amerindian peoples of New Mexico,especially the Comanches. He also protected the right to the possession of lands by the people of New Mexico,including the Amerindians,fining and imprisoning those who occupied the lands of others under the idea that these lands were property of their inhabitants.
Luis Tupatu,also known as Luis Tupatú,was a Pueblo leader of the northern Pueblo during the period following the expulsion of the Spanish from New Mexico following the Pueblo revolt. He was from Picuris Pueblo and took over the leadership position from Po'pay. Tupatúwas also governor of thirteen villages of Northern New Mexico,negotiated a successful plan with governor of New Mexico Diego de Vargas to stop the fighting between Pecos Amerindians and Taos Amerindians and,in 1680,he led a rebellion of the Picuris Pueblo Indians,to whom also he ruled.
Bernardo López de Mendizábal was a Spanish politician,soldier,and religious scholar,who served as governor of New Mexico between 1659–1660 and as alcalde mayor in Guayacocotla. Among López's acts as governor of New Mexico,he prohibited the Franciscan priests from forcing the Native Americans to work if they were not paying a salary and recognized their right to practice their religion. These acts caused disagreements with the Franciscan missionaries of New Mexico in their dealings with the Native Americans. He was indicted by the Inquisition on thirty-three counts of malfeasance and the practice of Judaism in 1660. He was replaced in the same year and his administration ended. He was arrested in 1663 and died as a prisoner in 1664.
Pedro de Peralta was Governor of New Mexico between 1610 and 1613 at a time when it was a province of New Spain. He formally founded the city of Santa Fe,New Mexico in 1610. In August 1613 he was arrested and jailed for almost a year by the Franciscan friar Isidro Ordóñez. Later,he was vindicated by the Mexican Inquisition and held a number of other senior posts in the Spanish imperial administration.
Isidro Ordóñez was a Franciscan friar who seized control of New Mexico in 1613,imprisoning Governor Pedro de Peralta. Later he was summoned to Mexico City and reprimanded for his actions by the Mexican Inquisition.
Francisco Gomez Vicente was a prominent Portuguese military leader who held the charge of acting governor of New Mexico between 1641 and 1642. He was among the first settlers of Santa Fe,New Mexico.
Fernando de Argüello was a Spanish soldier who served as Governor of New Mexico,between 1644 and 1647.
ToméDomínguez III de Mendoza was a Spanish soldier who served as acting Governor of New Mexico in 1664.
Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés was a Spanish soldier who served as Governor of New Mexico in 1641. He was replaced at his death by Francisco Gomes.
Alonso de Pacheco y Herédia was acting governor of New Mexico in 1643,following Francisco Gomes and succeeded by Fernando de Argüello.
Alonso de Llanos y Posada González (1626-?) was a Franciscan missionary who worked among the Puebloans and the Hopi Indians in northern New Spain. He became the Custos (leader) of the Franciscans in New Mexico. Posada suppressed the indigenous religious practices of the Hopi and Puebloans. Posada was often in conflict with the secular government of New Mexico. He was the Franciscan leader in disputes with two New Mexican governors,Bernardo López de Mendizábal and Diego de Peñalosa,which led to their dismissal and prosecution. In the 17th century,the secular authorities and the Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico were often in conflict as they competed for power,wealth,and the resources and labor of the Indians. Historian John L. Kessell said,"No friar ever wielded the authority of the Inquisition in New Mexico" that Posada did.
Juan Rodríguez de Medrano y Mesía was a nobleman from the House of Medrano and the 23rd governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México between 1668 and 1671 during the reign of King Charles II of Spain. During his term he had to send troops against the Apaches,who carried out various attacks against the Christian communities of New Mexico. This event was a fundamental fact of his administration in the province.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kessell, John L. (1987). Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840. The University of New Mexico Press. Page 164.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 New Mexico History. org: Biography of Don Luis de Rosas. Published by Grace Meredith. Retrieved May 01, 2013, to 20:10 pm.
- 1 2 Sanchez, Joseph P. (2008). Between Two Rivers: The Atrisco Land Grant in Albuquerque History, 1692-1968. The University of Oklahoma Press. Page 18.
- 1 2 3 Weber, David J. (Third edition, 1982). The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1846. The University of Oklahoma Press. Page 19.
- 1 2 3 Sturtevant, William C. (1978). Handbook of North American Indians: History of Indian-White relations. Smithsonian. Page 411.
- 1 2 John, Elizabeth Ann Harper (Second edition, 1996). Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795. University of Oklahoma Press. Pages 84 - 85.
- ↑ Erwert, Jonathan P. (March 9, 2010). “Cultural Preservation and Societal Migration Among the 17th Century Pueblos of New Mexico”. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD. Page 11.
- 1 2 3 4 Roberts, Calvin Alexander; Roberts, Susan A. (2006). New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. Chapter Three, page 48.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Gutiérrez, Ramón A. (1991). When Jesus Came, the corn mothers went away. Stanford University Press. Pages 116-117.
- ↑ Craddock, Jerry R. (July 4, 2008). The Trial of Nicolás Ortiz, accused of the murder of Don Luis de Rosas Governor of New Mexico in 1641. University of California.