Bertolanius

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Bertolanius
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Tardigrada
Class: Eutardigrada
Order: Parachela
Family: Eohypsibiidae
Genus: Bertolanius
Özdikmen, 2008

Bertolanius is a genus of tardigrades belonging to the family Eohypsibiidae. [1]

Contents

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. [1]

Species: [1]

Overview

Background

Bertolanius Özdikmen is one of three genera in the superfamily Eohypsibioidea, a super family of tardigrades belonging to the Eutardigrada class. As a genus, Bertolanius consist of 8 currently discovered species which can all be found in the northern parts of Europe and North America. [2] All of the Bertolanius species have similar physical and morphological characteristics, with their main differences being in the structure of their eggs, claws, and buccal armature. The genus was originally named Amphibolus Bertolani but was renamed in 2008 to Bertolanius to avoid confusion with other similarly named genera and to pay homage to a major contributing researcher for many of the species in this genus, Roberto Bertolani. [3]

General Superfamily Information

Distribution

Tardigrades are known to exist in almost every biome on the earth. There are terrestrial species, marine species, and even fresh water species have been found. [4] The eight currently recognized species in the genus Bertolanius Özdikmen have a wide distribution ranging from colder arctic areas, including Norway and Sweden, to more temperate regions like the Mediterranean. [2] Terrestrial tardigrades can be found in damp environments on lichen and mosses and even on rock and soil samples. Marine species are found at all depths in all oceans across the world. Overall, tardigrades are one of the most widely distributed microscopic organisms. [4]

Body Plan

Tardigrades belonging to the Bertolanius genus follow the same body plan as all other currently identified tardigrades, which consists of a head and four leg bearing segments for a total of five segments. The body plan of tardigrades is compact and is conserved across all species because of a loss of Hox genes in the early lineage of tardigrades. [5] Tardigrades have three pairs of walking legs, one pair on each section, that are tipped with a paw-like structure. The ends of tardigrade legs have differences for each species, with some having more paw-like structures and some having structures that more resemble claws. The last pair of legs on the last segment of tardigrades is attached in a backwards orientation and can be extended above the animal for grasping onto its surroundings as well as anchoring the animal. Mature tardigrades are generally less than 1mm in length, with most species being around 0.5mm in length when fully grown. [6] Tardigrades have translucent bodies and are usually colored with the pigments from their environments and by what they have eaten. [7]

Because of the similarities in the common layout of tardigrades, one of the main ways to distinguish between the different species is by examining their body plans. In particular, the Bertolanius tardigrades are mainly distinguished by the arrangement and type claw or paw attachments as well as by the differences in their eggs and buccal armatures. [8]

Feeding

Tardigrades feed on plant and algae cells use their well defined buccal armature to suck the insides of the cell out. The arrangement of the buccal armature has similarities between both classes of tardigrades and generally consist of a buccal ring at the end of their face that is connected to a tubular pharynx and a sucking pharynx. [9] These lead to an esophagus and later a stomach where digestion takes places. Both classes of tardigrades have a hardened extrusible stylet, or stylets, that they use to puncture plant and algae cells. tardigrades belonging to the Eutardigrada class generally have shorter stylets that do not cross in the mouth while Heterotardigrades have longer stylets that do cross. These differences are a contributing factor when identifying tardigrades. [9]

Unique characteristics and adaptations

One unique characteristic of tardigrades is that they are eutelic organisms, meaning they have a set number of cells once the reach maturity, around 1000 cells for most species, though the number of cells in a mature individual can differ within a species. [6] Development of mature eutelic organisms continues only in the growth of cells and not through cell division. [10]

The most fame worthy adaptation of tardigrades is their ability to withstand extreme conditions by entering cryptobiosis. Cryptobiosis is a state of reversible but extreme metabolic restriction that allows organisms to defend themselves against their surrounding environment. When environmental conditions are bad tardigrades curl up inside their cuticle and make new cuticle layers to protect themselves, this is called a tun. [11] Once in cryptobiosis, tardigrades can survive incredible extremes in temperature, a complete lack of oxygen or water, extreme pressure and the vacuum of space, and radiation levels far above the lethal limit for humans. [12] Tardigrades can stay in cryptobiosis for hours or days or even years depending on the conditions around them and are able to revive themselves within up to 24 hours after conditions have improved. However, tardigrades are not considered extremophiles as they do not live in these extreme conditions. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptobiosis</span> Metabolic state of life

Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state in extremophilic organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. When environmental conditions return to being hospitable, the organism will return to its metabolic state of life as it was prior to cryptobiosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tardigrade</span> Phylum of microscopic animals, also known as water bears

Tardigrades, known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals. They were first described by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773, who called them Kleiner Wasserbär'little water bear'. In 1776, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named them Tardigrada, which means 'slow steppers'.

<i>Echiniscus testudo</i> Species of tardigrade

Echiniscus testudo is a cosmopolitan species of tardigrade.

<i>Hypsibius</i> Genus of tardigrades

Hypsibius is a genus of tardigrades in the class Eutardigrada.

<i>Ramazzottius</i> Genus of tardigrades

Ramazzottius is a genus of water bear or moss piglet, a tardigrade in the class Eutardigrada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eohypsibiidae</span> Family of tardigrades

Eohypsibiidae is a family of water bear or moss piglet, tardigrades in the class Eutardigrada. It contains the following species in three genera:

<i>Acutuncus</i> Genus of tardigrades

Acutuncus is a genus of tardigrades containing a single species, Acutuncus antarcticus. Tardigrades, which are eight-legged micro-animals, are commonly referred to as water bears or moss piglets and are found all over the world in varying extreme habitats. First discovered in 1904 and originally named Hypsibius antarcticus, Acutuncus antarcticus is the most abundant tardigrade species in Antarctica.

<i>Milnesium</i> Genus of tardigrades

Milnesium is a genus of tardigrades. It is rather common, being found in a wide variety of habitats across the world. It has a fossil record extending back to the Cretaceous, the oldest species found so far is known from Turonian stage deposits on the east coast of the United States. Milnesiums are one of the most desiccation and radiation-resistant invertebrates on Earth because of their unique ability to transform into a "tun" state and utilize intrinsically disordered proteins when experiencing extreme environments.

Echiniscoides sigismundi is a species of marine tardigrade. It lives in seaweeds or plates of barnacles, or more generally in algal strongholds in inter-tidal areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthrotardigrada</span> Order of tardigrades

Arthrotardigrada are an order of tardigrades, first described by Marcus in 1927.

The Tanarctidae are a family of tardigrades. The family was named and described by Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen and Jeanne Renaud-Mornant in 1980.

Proechiniscus hanneae is a species of tardigrade. It is the only species of Proechiniscus, a genus within the family Echiniscidae.

Novechiniscus armadilloides is a species of terrestrial tardigrade. It is the only species of the genus Novechiniscus, which belongs to the family Echiniscidae. The species is endemic to the United States in the state of Utah.

Wingstrandarctus is a genus of tardigrades, in the subfamily Florarctinae which is part of the family Halechiniscidae. The genus was named and described by Kristensen in 1984.

Tanarctus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Tanarctidae, named and described by Jeanne Renaud-Debyser in 1959.

Raiarctus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Styraconyxidae. The genus was named and first described by Jeanne Renaud-Mornant in 1981.

Tholoarctus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Styraconyxidae. The genus was named and first described by Kristensen and Renaud-Mornant in 1983.

Macrobiotidae is a family of tardigrade. As of 2023, it consists of the following genera:

<i>Macrobiotus</i> Genus of tardigrades

Macrobiotus is a genus of tardigrade consisting of about 100 species.

<i>Milnesium alpigenum</i> Species of tardigrade

Milnesium alpigenum is a species of tardigrade that falls under the Tardigrada phylum. Like its taxonomic relatives it is an omnivorous predator that feeds on other small organisms, such as algae, rotifers, and nematodes. M. alpigenum was discovered by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1853. It is very closely related to Milnesium tardigradum along with many other species from the Milnesium genus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Bertolanius Özdikmen, 2008". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  2. 1 2 Trygvadóttir, Birna Vár; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (2011-05-23). "Eohypsibiidae (Eutardigrada, Tardigrada) from the Faroe Islands with the description of a new genus containing three new species". Zootaxa. 2886 (1): 39–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2886.1.4. ISSN   1175-5334.
  3. ↑ MARLEY, NIGEL J.; BERTOLANI, ROBERTO; NELSON, DIANE R. (2008-11-24). "Designation of Pseudobiotus kathmanae Nelson, Marley & Bertolani, 1999 as the type species for the genus Pseudobiotus Nelson, 1980 (Tardigrada)". Zootaxa. 1940 (1): 41–47. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.1940.1.4 . ISSN   1175-5334. S2CID   86039049.
  4. 1 2 Nelson, Diane R.; Bartels, Paul J.; Guil, Noemi (2018), Schill, Ralph O. (ed.), "Tardigrade Ecology" , Water Bears: The Biology of Tardigrades, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 163–210, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95702-9_7, ISBN   978-3-319-95702-9 , retrieved 2023-04-18
  5. ↑ Smith, Frank W.; Boothby, Thomas C.; Giovannini, Ilaria; Rebecchi, Lorena; Jockusch, Elizabeth L.; Goldstein, Bob (2016-01-25). "The Compact Body Plan of Tardigrades Evolved by the Loss of a Large Body Region". Current Biology. 26 (2): 224–229. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.059. hdl: 11380/1083953 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   26776737. S2CID   4969555.
  6. 1 2 "Tardigrades". American Scientist. 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  7. ↑ Gabriel, Willow N.; McNuff, Robert; Patel, Sapna K.; Gregory, T. Ryan; Jeck, William R.; Jones, Corbin D.; Goldstein, Bob (2007-12-15). "The tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini, a new model for studying the evolution of development" . Developmental Biology. 312 (2): 545–559. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.055. ISSN   0012-1606. PMID   17996863.
  8. ↑ Hansen, Jesper Guldberg; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Bertolani, Roberto; Guidetti, Roberto (2017-01-01). "Comparative analyses of Bertolanius species (Eohypsibiidae; Eutardigrada) with the description of Bertolanius birnae sp. nov. from northern polar regions" . Polar Biology. 40 (1): 123–140. doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1931-0. ISSN   1432-2056. S2CID   253809209.
  9. 1 2 Guidetti, Roberto; Bertolani, Roberto; Rebecchi, Lorena. "Comparative analysis of the tardigrade feeding apparatus: adaptive convergence and evolutionary pattern of the piercing stylet system".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ↑ Azevedo, Ricardo B. R.; Leroi, Armand M. (2001-05-08). "A power law for cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (10): 5699–5704. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5699A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.091485998 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   33276 . PMID   11331756.
  11. ↑ Møbjerg, N.; Halberg, K. A.; Jørgensen, A.; Persson, D.; Bjørn, M.; Ramløv, H.; Kristensen, R. M. (July 2011). "Survival in extreme environments - on the current knowledge of adaptations in tardigrades: Adaptation to extreme environments in tardigrades". Acta Physiologica. 202 (3): 409–420. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02252.x. PMID   21251237. S2CID   20894284.
  12. ↑ Jönsson, K. Ingemar; Rabbow, Elke; Schill, Ralph O.; Harms-Ringdahl, Mats; Rettberg, Petra (2008-09-09). "Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit". Current Biology. 18 (17): R729–R731. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   18786368. S2CID   8566993.
  13. ↑ Rampelotto, Pabulo Henrique (September 2013). "Extremophiles and Extreme Environments". Life. 3 (3): 482–485. Bibcode:2013Life....3..482R. doi: 10.3390/life3030482 . ISSN   2075-1729. PMC   4187170 . PMID   25369817.
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