William James Mitchell Jr. (born July 16, 1965) is an American video game player. He achieved fame throughout the 1980s and 1990s by claiming numerous records on classic video games, including a perfect score on Pac-Man. Twin Galaxies and Guinness World Records recognized Mitchell as the holder of several records earned playing classic video games, and he has appeared in several documentaries on competitive gaming and retrogaming.
In 2018, Mitchell's high scores on Donkey Kong were contested after members of the Twin Galaxies forums found discrepancies in the videos Mitchell had provided for The King of Kong, suggesting he had used emulation software to falsify his score. Twin Galaxies and Guinness removed Mitchell's scores, leading Mitchell to threaten legal action against both for defamation. While Guinness restored Mitchell's scores, Twin Galaxies countersued Mitchell. Both Mitchell and Twin Galaxies settled in 2024, and Twin Galaxies re-posted Mitchell's scores to a historical leaderboard.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Mitchell remains banned from the current Twin Galaxies leaderboards.
Mitchell was born on July 16, 1965, in Holyoke, Massachusetts.[12]
In grade school, Mitchell became an avid pinball player.[5] He was initially uninterested in video games, but as they became more popular, according to Mitchell, "[e]veryone was standing around the Donkey Kong machine and I wanted that attention".[2] He began playing video games around the age of 16.[2] His interest was also spurred by a friendly rivalry with a classmate, the two trying to outscore each other on both Pac-Man and Donkey Kong. Mitchell became curious whether Donkey Kong had a recorded world-record high score, and reached out to Walter Day—at Twin Galaxies, at the time a single arcade in Ottumwa, Iowa—who had started tracking such records. Day told Mitchell of a record of 1.4 million points claimed by Steve Sanders. In November 1982, Life brought several notable arcade players, including Mitchell and Sanders, to Ottumwa for a photoshoot. Mitchell challenged Sanders to Donkey Kong and demonstrated that the game had an impassable "kill screen" at level 22, while beating Sanders and setting a high score of 874,300.[5] Later, Sanders admitted that he had lied about his previous Donkey Kong scores, and Twin Galaxies gave the record to Billy Mitchell who held it for more than 18 years.[13] Around this time, Mitchell established a friendship with Robert Childs, who had a business buying and installing arcade cabinets in places such as laundromats.[5]
In 1983, Mitchell was attending Chaminade-Madonna College Preparatory School.[5] That summer, Day invited Mitchell, along with several other players from the photoshoot, to participate in the "Electronic Circus", a 40-city tour where the players would demonstrate their skill at arcade games at each stop. But the idea fell through, and Mitchell and others spent the summer months camping out at Twin Galaxies and competing for high scores on the video games there, with Mitchell focusing on only a few selected titles.[5] Later that summer, Day founded the US National Video Game Team, a slimmer version of the Electronic Circus, which aimed to stop in a major city in each US state; but the inaugural event encountered many snags.[5] Day continued to bring Mitchell on various trips to confirm high scores reported by players, with Mitchell frequently calling out bluffs.[5] By 1984, Day named Mitchell the Twin Galaxies' player of the year, but due to the 1983 video game crash, Twin Galaxies had to close down its storefront in March 1984, though Day still tracked scores. After submitting a record score for BurgerTime in 1985, Mitchell moved away from video games for the next ten years, spending more time at his family's restaurant, Rickey's Restaurant, and eventually taking ownership of it.[5]
Pac-Man challenge
Pac-Man was released in 1980. Players had discovered that it too had a type of kill screen: on reaching level 256, half the screen would be filled with nonsense glyphs that made it impossible to complete the level and continue. Following a 1982 claim made by an eight-year-old player of reaching more than 6 million points, which gained national coverage after President Ronald Reagan wrote to congratulate the player,[2] Mitchell worked with his friend Chris Ayra in 1983 to determine that the highest possible score on Pac-Man was 3,333,360, which would require a perfect no-death run and collecting all possible points on the nonsense side of level 256's split-screen, requiring knowledge of where the edible dots were.[5]
In 1999, a group of Canadian players, including Rick Fothergill, were reportedly close to reaching the theoretical high score, leading Mitchell to return to video gaming to try to beat this group to the achievement. On May 8, 1999, Fothergill set the world record, just 90 points short of a perfect score. In response, on July 3, Mitchell achieved the perfect score at an arcade in Laconia, New Hampshire, and set the game's world record as recorded by Funspot and Twin Galaxies. For this, Twin Galaxies named him "Video Game Player of the Century", and Namco, the makers of Pac-Man, brought Mitchell to Japan for the Tokyo Game Show that year.[5] After returning in November 1999, Mitchell offered $100,000 to the first person who could pass the split-screen level.[14]
Return to gaming
Mitchell (center) with fans on December 19, 2007
In 2004, Mitchell achieved a Donkey Kong score of 933,900, in front of multiple witnesses at the Midwest Gaming Classic, his new personal best.[15] Writing about Mitchell for the Oxford American in 2006, David Ramsey described Mitchell as "probably the greatest arcade video game player of all time".[2] In 2004 and 2005, contender Steve Wiebe attempted to set a new world record in Donkey Kong, an event documented in the 2007 film The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters. Wiebe attempted to have Mitchell present at these events to challenge him directly, typically at Funspot arcades, as public demonstrations of high scores were preferred over video tapes. Mitchell had said, "To me, most important is to travel to a sanctioned location, like Funspot, that makes it official. If tomorrow Tiger Woods golfs a 59, big deal. If he does it at Augusta, that's where it counts."[6] Mitchell failed to appear at Wiebe's events, saying he had not played games for half a year and needed to retrain and practice for the competition.[16]
During Wiebe's attempts, he achieved a score of more than one million points on an arcade unit at his home, which was recorded on videotape and initially accepted by Twin Galaxies but later retracted, since Wiebe's unit used an unofficial "Double Donkey Board" that had circuitry for both Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. Later in his attempts, Wiebe again managed a high score in front of multiple witnesses at a New Hampshire Funspot, which Twin Galaxies accepted. Just hours later, Mitchell submitted his own tape to Twin Galaxies which purported to show him achieving a new high score of 1,047,200, which bested Wiebe's score and which Twin Galaxies accepted as the new official world record. Wiebe and others at the New Hampshire location complained to Twin Galaxies, and eventually Mitchell's score was nullified due to the game being on tape rather than witnessed, giving Wiebe the record again. After the film's release, Mitchell said he had not expected to be portrayed as a bad person, and that he had received hate mail and badgering phone calls because of the way the film was edited.[17] In addition to the King of Kong, Mitchell appears in several other documentaries during the 2000s and 2010s, including Chasing Ghosts: Beyond the Arcade (2007),[18]The King of Arcades (2014),[19] and Man vs Snake: The Long and Twisted Tale of Nibbler (2015).[20]
On July 26, 2007, 25 years after Mitchell's first record-setting performance, Mitchell again retook the Donkey Kong record with a score of 1,050,200.[21] This score was known as the "Mortgage Brokers" score, as it was allegedly achieved while Mitchell was attending the annual convention for the Florida Association of Mortgage Brokers.[5] The 2007 score was surpassed on February 26, 2010, by Hank Chien, who temporarily held the record.[22] On July 24, 2010, Mitchell reclaimed the record with a score of 1,062,800 at the Boomers arcade in Dania, Florida.[5] It was the last time he held the record after it was broken by Wiebe later that year, and others since then.[23][24][25]
Mitchell placed eighth out of eight in the MicrosoftXbox 360Pac-Man World Championships on June 4, 2007.[26] In 2008, he became the first video game player on a Topps Allen & Ginter trading card.[27]
Billy Mitchell and Pac-Man give an approving "thumbs up" at the 2014 Twin Galaxies / Walter Day trading card event at the Icon art gallery in Fairfield, Iowa.
Disputed records
In August 2017, Jeremy Young, a moderator of the Donkey Kong Forum, expressed concern related to a video posted online by Childs of Mitchell's score at Boomers. Mitchell had played both Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong, Jr. that day, breaking records for both, but was using the same cabinet for it, with Childs having swapped the circuit board between the runs. The videos did not show the complete record-breaking runs, and Young believed there might have been issues with the board swap. Mitchell and Childs affirmed that some parts of the board-switching were staged, but that that part of the recording was made well after the records had been set on legitimate hardware.[5]
Young continued to investigate the video from Boomers as well as the King of Kong and Mortgage Brokers scores, and in early 2018 posted evidence that both scores were achieved on MAME, an emulator, rather than actual hardware.[5] Young subsequently removed the three scores from the Donkey Kong Forum website for misrepresenting MAME emulation as authentic gameplay. Young's statement was backed up by Wes Copeland, a former holder of the Donkey Kong high score. Based on analysis of the scoring rate and frequencies in the game, he concluded that Mitchell's run showed a statistically unlikely rate of scoring. Further, it was determined that the verifier for the Boomers and Mortgage Brokers scores was former Twin Galaxies referee Todd Rogers, who had himself been banned from Twin Galaxies for submitting fraudulent scores, putting Mitchell's scores further in doubt.[15]
Mitchell defended his scores on the East Side Dave Show shortly after this charge, saying: "I've never even played MAME. I don’t have MAME loaded in my home." Mitchell added, "The film footage that he has, that Jeremy has, shows MAME play... I'm not disputing what he says. What I'm disputing is the fact that I want him to have the original tape."[31] Mitchell also suggested that the tape footage Young had may have been fabricated.[32] Young responded, "The amount of foresight, patience, and technical knowledge required would be staggering" to make such tapes.[31] To support his case, Mitchell said he sent Twin Galaxies recordings of the gameplay from these high-score efforts along with other secondary evidence to refute charges of cheating.[5]
On April 12, 2018, Twin Galaxies announced that an investigation conducted into Mitchell's submitted scores found conclusive evidence that Mitchell had not achieved on original arcade hardware at least two of the scores he submitted, as "an unmodified original DK arcade PCB did not output the display seen in the videotaped score performances."[33] The footage of these two scores showed the game loading in a way that was visually identical to how the game loads when played on MAME.[5] Twin Galaxies removed all of Mitchell's scores from their records and prohibited him from submitting scores in the future.[34][35] Subsequently, Guinness World Records released a statement that it would remove Mitchell's scores: "The Guinness World Records titles relating to Mr. Mitchell's highest scores on Donkey Kong have all been disqualified due to Twin Galaxies being our source of verification for these achievements." The removal also included Mitchell's Pac-Man high score and first recorded perfect game: "Twin Galaxies was the original source of verification for these record titles and in line with their decision to remove all of Mr. Mitchell's records from their system, we have disqualified Mr. Mitchell as the holder of these two records."[36]
Mitchell challenged these removals and threatened to sue both Twin Galaxies and Guinness if they did not restore his records.[5][37] With the encouragement of his son, Mitchell used Twitch to broadcast scores equal to his past records. The situation between Mitchell and Twin Galaxies also created tension between Mitchell and several of his friends and acquaintances in the video game community.[5] In early 2019, Mitchell filed lawsuits against Twin Galaxies as well as Young and YouTuber Apollo Legend.[38] After a judge ruled against Twin Galaxies' attempt to dismiss the case under California's anti-SLAPP laws, Twin Galaxies filed a counterclaim against Mitchell and Walter Day in late 2020, alleging that the two had defrauded Twin Galaxies's current owners by selling the site's assets with the knowledge that the database contained fake scores, thus reducing its reputation and therefore its monetary value.[39][40][41] In October 2021, a U.S. appeals court allowed Mitchell's suit against Twin Galaxies to proceed.[42]
In June 2020, Guinness World Records announced that, after review, it could not find conclusive proof that Mitchell had used improper methods to achieve his high scores, and restored both Mitchell's Donkey Kong and Pac-Man records. Mitchell told Ars Technica that Guinness had made the decision back in December 2019, but, due to agreements related to prior legal actions he had against Guinness, they could not announce it until June 2020. Mitchell also said that his legal threats towards Guinness did not affect Guinness's decision to reinstate his records.[7] In 2021 and 2022, Mitchell filed two lawsuits against YouTuber and speedrunner Karl Jobst, saying that two of his videos were defamatory, one of them using a clip that refers to Mitchell as a cheater, the other covering his cheating allegations.[43]
In September 2022, forensic analyst Tanner Fokkens and five other experts published a report finding that, after technical analysis of his gameplay, Mitchell could not have obtained his records on original arcade hardware, the stage-to-stage transitions being consistent with those in MAME.[44] Photographs from the 2007 Florida Association of Mortgage Brokers convention, uncovered in January 2023, showed that the Donkey Kong cabinet Mitchell used there appeared to have a modified joystick that may have allowed for eight-way motion rather than that of the standard four-way joystick. This would be in violation of Twin Galaxies' rules against playing on modified hardware.[45] Eight-way joysticks are banned because they potentially give an unfair advantage over the game's original 4-way joystick by making it easier to perform moves in the game.[46]
Mitchell and Twin Galaxies settled their cases in January 2024. The terms were not disclosed.[47] Twin Galaxies re-posted Mitchell's scores the same month, and in a statement recognized that Michael Zyda, a professor from University of Southern California, testified as an expert that it is impossible to tell if Mitchell used improper hardware due to the low-quality of the evidence presented. The scores were re-posted to a static "historical database" of scores prior to 2014, when Twin Galaxies changed ownership, but not as part of the current scoring records. Further, Twin Galaxies removed from their forums the original posts that had accused Mitchell of cheating.[9][48][49][50] Site administrators of the Twin Galaxies forums acknowledged Twin Galaxies' take based on the expert testimony, but still maintained that Mitchell remains banned from further Twin Galaxies contests, thanked Jobst and other YouTubers for their work in providing their own evidence, and stated that interested readers should review all of the evidence to come to their own conclusions.[51]
In September 2024, Mitchell sued Karl Jobst for defamation due to his videos on, and the result of, the former lawsuits. He said that the case resulted in another YouTuber, Apollo Legend, committing suicide and said Jobst blamed Mitchell for his death.[52] Jobst defended himself and responded tearfully to the court that he "never said Apollo Legend attributed anything to Billy Mitchell" and "...felt it harmed Apollo in multiple ways ... my opinion was those negative impacts wouldn’t have helped his decision in the end". Jobst also apologized for any misinformation that was potentially spread.[53]
Mitchell set high-score records on several games in the 1980s and 1990s. Since his initial high score in Donkey Kong in 1982, and record-breaking attempts between 2004 and 2010, others have matched or surpassed Mitchell's scores.
In 1982, Mitchell set a record on Donkey Kong with 874,300 points.[5]
In 1984, he set a record score for BurgerTime of 7,881,050, which stood until 2005.[55][56]
In January 1985, he set a new record score for Ms. Pac-Man of 703,560, which stood until it was surpassed in 2001 by Ayra.[57]
On July 8, 1985, he became the fifth person to achieve a score on Centipede of more than 10 million points in marathon play.[55]
He set a record score for Donkey Kong Jr. of 957,300 in 2004.[55]
He said he recaptured the world records for both Donkey Kong (1,062,800 points) and Donkey Kong Jr. (1,270,900) on the weekend of July 24, 2010.[23] By September 2010, both these records were surpassed.[58][59][60][61][62]
Pac-Man, originally called Puck Man in Japan, is a 1980 maze video game developed and released by Namco for arcades. In North America, the game was released by Midway Manufacturing as part of its licensing agreement with Namco America. The player controls Pac-Man, who must eat all the dots inside an enclosed maze while avoiding four colored ghosts. Eating large flashing dots called "Power Pellets" causes the ghosts to temporarily turn blue, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for bonus points.
Speedrunning is the act of playing a video game, or section of a video game, with the goal of completing it as fast as possible. Speedrunning often involves following planned routes, which may incorporate sequence breaking and exploit glitches that allow sections to be skipped or completed more quickly than intended. Tool-assisted speedrunning (TAS) is a subcategory of speedrunning that uses emulation software or additional tools to create a precisely controlled sequence of inputs.
Galaxian is a 1979 fixed shooter arcade video game developed and published by Namco. The player assumes control of the Galaxip starfighter in its mission to protect Earth from waves of aliens. Gameplay involves destroying each formation of aliens, who dive down towards the player in an attempt to hit them.
Donkey Kong Jr. is a 1982 arcade platform game that was released by Nintendo. It is the sequel to Donkey Kong, but with the roles reversed compared to its predecessor: Mario is now the villain and Donkey Kong Jr. is trying to save his kidnapped father. It first released in arcades and, over the course of the decade, was released for a variety of home platforms. The game's title is written out as Donkey Kong Junior in the North American arcade version and various conversions to non-Nintendo systems.
The golden age of arcade video games was the period of rapid growth, technological development, and cultural influence of arcade video games from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. The release of Space Invaders in 1978 led to a wave of shoot-'em-up games such as Galaxian and the vector graphics-based Asteroids in 1979, made possible by new computing technology that had greater power and lower costs. Arcade video games switched from black-and-white to color, with titles such as Frogger and Centipede taking advantage of the visual opportunities of bright palettes.
Donkey Kong is a 1981 arcade video game developed and published by Nintendo. As Mario,(known at the time as "Jumpman") the player runs and jumps on platforms and climbs ladders to ascend a construction site and rescue Pauline from a giant gorilla, Donkey Kong. It is the first game in the Donkey Kong series and Mario's first appearance in a video game.
A tool-assisted speedrun or tool-assisted superplay is generally defined as a speedrun or playthrough composed of precise inputs recorded with tools such as video game emulators. Tool-assisted speedruns are generally created with the goal of creating theoretically perfect playthroughs. This includes but is not limited to the fastest possible route to complete a game and/or showcasing new ways to optimize existing world records.
Fueled by the previous year's release of the colorful and appealing Pac-Man, the audience for arcade video games in 1981 became much wider. Pac-Man influenced maze games began appearing in arcades and on home systems. Pac-Man was the highest grossing video game for the second year in a row. Nintendo's Donkey Kong defined the platform game genre, while Konami's Scramble established scrolling shooters. The lesser known Jump Bug combined the two concepts into both the first scrolling platform game and the first platform shooter. Other arcade hits released in 1981 include Defender, Frogger, and the Galaxian sequel Galaga.
Twin Galaxies is a social media platform and video game database. Twin Galaxies is the official supplier of video game records to Guinness World Records.
In games, score refers to an abstract quantity associated with a player or team. Score is usually measured in the abstract unit of points, and events in the game can raise or lower the score of different parties. Most games with score use it as a quantitative indicator of success in the game, and in competitive games, a goal is often made of attaining a better score than one's opponents in order to win.
Walter Aldro Day Jr. is an American businessman and the founder of Twin Galaxies, an organization that tracks world records for video games and conducts a program of electronic-gaming promotions.
The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters is a 2007 American documentary film about competitive arcade gaming directed by Seth Gordon. It follows Steve Wiebe in his attempts to take the high score record for the 1981 arcade game Donkey Kong from Billy Mitchell. The film premiered at the 2007 Slamdance Film Festival and was released in U.S. theaters in August 2007. It received positive reviews.
Steven J. Wiebe is an American two-time world champion of the video game Donkey Kong, most recently holding the title from September 20, 2010, to January 10, 2011, with a high score of 1,064,500. Wiebe was the first person to achieve over a million points on Donkey Kong, with 1,006,600 on July 4, 2004. He is one of the primary subjects of the 2007 documentary The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters. Like his Donkey Kong rival Billy Mitchell, Wiebe was put in a Topps Allen & Ginter baseball set, which is featured in the 2009 edition of the baseball product.
Todd Rogers is an American video game player who has been described as the first professional video game player. In 1986, he was invited to be part of the U.S. National Video Game Team. He had claimed to be recognized by Activision for having achieved many record-setting high scores, but many of his records were later disputed for a lack of verifying evidence or found to be impossible to achieve. In January 2018, the Twin Galaxies record database removed all of his scores from their leaderboards and banned him permanently, and Guinness World Records stripped his records.
The Northwest Pinball and Arcade Show is an annual pinball and arcade game festival held in Tacoma, Washington, United States.
Pixels is a 2015 science fiction action comedy film directed by Chris Columbus and written by Tim Herlihy and Timothy Dowling and based on a story by the former. Loosely adapted from the 2010 short film Pixels by Patrick Jean, the film stars Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Michelle Monaghan, Peter Dinklage, Josh Gad and Brian Cox. Combining animated video game characters and visual effects, the film involves an alien force misinterpreting video feeds of classic arcade games as a declaration of war, to which they respond by attacking Earth with technological recreations of icons from the games. The President of the United States assembles a team of former arcade champions to lead the planet's defense.
Robbie Lakeman is a competitive video game player who holds the world record for the arcade games Donkey Kong (1981), Stratovox (1980), and Super Pac-Man (1982). He also formerly held the record score for the 1976 arcade game Death Race.
Players have competed for the highest score for the video game Donkey Kong since its release in 1981. The competition became more prominent after it was covered in the 2007 documentary The King of Kong.
Michael Zyda is an American computer scientist, video game designer, and former Professor of Computer Science Practice at USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California. He was named an IEEE Fellow in 2019 and an ACM Fellow in 2020 for his research contributions in video game design and virtual reality. He is also the founding director of the Computer Science (Games) degree programs at USC Viterbi. Michael received his bachelor's degree in bioengineering from University of California, San Diego, master's degree in computer science from University of Massachusetts Amherst and doctoral degree in computer science from Washington University in St. Louis.
Karl Jobst is an Australian GoldenEye 007 and Perfect Dark speedrunner, YouTuber, and investigative journalist whose work has primarily focused on exposing cheating and fraud in the gaming community. He also covers other speedrunning and challenge-related feats, including world record histories. As of February 2024, he has over one million subscribers on YouTube.
↑ "Dispute Decision: Billy Mitchell's Donkey Kong & All Other Records Removed". Twin Galaxies. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. The taped Donkey Kong score performances of 1,047,200 (the King of Kong "tape"), 1,050,200 (the Mortgage Brokers score) that were historically used by Twin Galaxies to substantiate those scores and place them in the database were not produced by the direct feed output of an original unmodified Donkey Kong Arcade PCB.
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