Bloom Energy Server

Last updated
A deployment of Bloom Energy Servers outside eBay headquarters Bloom Energy Servers at eBay HQ - 4405533596.jpg
A deployment of Bloom Energy Servers outside eBay headquarters

The Bloom Energy Server or Bloom Box is a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power generator made by Bloom Energy, of Sunnyvale, California, that takes a variety of input fuels, including liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons [1] produced from biological sources, to produce electricity at or near the site where it will be used. [2] [3] It withstands temperatures of up to 1,800 °F (980 °C). [4] According to the company, a single cell (one 100 mm × 100 mm plate consisting of three ceramic layers) generates 25 watts. [5]

Contents

The fuel cells have an operational life expectancy of around 10 years; based on predictions on fuel costs, the "break even" point for those who purchase the device is around 8 years. The cell's technology continues to rely on non-renewable sources of energy to produce electricity, and because it is not a hydrogen fuel cell, it still produces carbon dioxide (an important greenhouse gas) during operation.

In 2011, Bloom stated that two hundred servers had been deployed in California for corporations including Google, Yahoo, and Wal-Mart. [6]

Technology

The Bloom Energy Server uses thin white ceramic plates of size 100 × 100 mm. [7] Each plate is coated with a green nickel oxide-based ink on one side, forming the anode, and another black (probably Lanthanum strontium manganite) ink on the cathode side. [8] [9] Wired reported that the secret ingredient may be yttria-stabilized zirconia based upon USpatent 7572530   that was granted to Bloom in 2009; this material is also one of the most common electrolyte materials in the field. [10] USpatent application 20080261099  , assigned to Bloom Energy Corporation, says that the "electrolyte includes yttria stabilized zirconia and a scandia-stabilized zirconia, such as a scandia ceria stabilized zirconia". ScSZ has a higher conductivity than YSZ at lower temperatures, which provides greater efficiency and higher reliability when used as an electrolyte. Scandia is scandium oxide (Sc
2O
3) which is a transition metal oxide that costs between US$1,400 and US$2,000 per kilogram in 99.9% pure form. Current annual worldwide production of scandium is less than 2,000 kilograms. Most of the 5,000 kilograms used annually is sourced from Soviet era stockpiles.[ citation needed ]

To save money, the Bloom Energy Server uses inexpensive metal alloy plates for electric conductance between the two ceramic fast ion conductor plates. In competing lower temperature fuel cells, platinum is required at the cathode. [8]

Costs

Installation

The current[ when? ] cost of each hand-made 100 kW Bloom Energy Server is $700,000–800,000. In 2010, the company announced plans for a smaller, home sized Bloom server priced under $3,000. [8] Bloom estimated the size of a home-sized server at 1 kW, although others recommended 5 kW. [11] The capital cost is $7–8 per watt. [12]

According to The New York Times (Green Blog), in early 2011 "... Bloom Energy ... unveiled a service to allow customers to buy the electricity generated by its fuel cells without incurring the capital costs of purchasing the six-figure devices.... Under the Bloom Electrons service, customers sign 10-year contracts to purchase the electricity generated by Bloom Energy Servers while the company retains ownership of the fuel cells and responsibility for their maintenance.... 'We’re able to tell customers, ‘You don’t have to put any money up front, you pay only for the electrons you use and it’s good for your pocketbook and good for planet,’ ' [CEO K.R. Sridhar] said." [13]

Usage

On 24 February 2010, Sridhar claimed that his devices were making electricity for $0.08–.10/kWh using natural gas, cheaper than electricity prices in some parts of the United States, such as California. [14] [15] Twenty percent of the cost savings depend upon avoiding transfer losses that result from energy grid use. [11]

In 2010, Bloom Energy claimed to be developing power purchase agreements to sell electricity produced by the boxes, rather than selling the boxes themselves, in order to address customers' fears about box maintenance, reliability, and servicing costs. [16] There are 123 Bloom boxes producing at 16 cents/kWh for Delmarva Power in a 21-year deal going from 2012 to 2033. [17]

As of 2010, 15% of the power consumed by eBay was generated via the use of Bloom Energy Servers. At the time, after factoring in tax incentives which effectively halved the initial cost, eBay expected a three-year payback period based on the then $0.14/kWh cost of commercial electricity in California. [18]

Installations

A small deployment of Bloom Energy Servers in 2010 Bloom Energy Servers.jpg
A small deployment of Bloom Energy Servers in 2010

The company says that its first 100-kW Bloom Energy Servers were shipped to Google in July 2008. [19] Four such servers were installed at Google's headquarters, which became Bloom Energy's first customer. [16] Another installation of five boxes [1] produces up to 500 kW at eBay headquarters California. [16] Bloom Energy stated that their customers include Staples (300 kW – December 2008), [20] Walmart (800 kW – January 2010), [21] FedEx (500 kW), [22] The Coca-Cola Company (500 kW) [23] and Bank of America (500 kW). [24] [25] Each of these installations were located in California.

A 1-megawatt Bloom Box fuel cell system installed at Yahoo headquarters in Sunnyvale, California in 2014 is designed to "power one-third of the electricity to the buildings on Yahoo’s campus." [26]

Stop & Shop Supermarket Company announced a 250 kW system in 2015, and 2020 announced plans to configure 40 MA and NY stores to "microgrids" using Bloom Energy Servers. [27]

Portable units

Sridhar announced plans to install Bloom Energy Servers in third world nations. [28] Ex-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Colin Powell, now a Bloom Energy board member, said the Bloom Energy generators could be useful to the military because they are lighter, more efficient, and generate less heat than traditional generators. [29]

Feasibility

The chemical reaction used to create energy in Bloom Energy products

Bloom Energy Servers stack small fuel cells to operate in concert. [7] [30] Bloom Energy's approach of assembling fuel-cell stacks that enables individual plates to expand and contract at the same rate at high temperatures. [7] However, other solid oxide fuel cell producers have solved the problem of different expansion rates of cells in the past. [9] Scott Samuelsen of the University of California, Irvine National Fuel Cell Research Center questioned the operational life of Bloom Servers. "At this point, Bloom has excellent potential, but they have yet to demonstrate that they've met the bars of reliability." [30] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory expert Michael Tucker claimed, "Because they operate at high temperatures, they can accept other fuels like natural gas and methane, and that's an enormous advantage... The disadvantage is that they can shatter as they are heating or cooling." [30]

Venture capitalist John Doerr asserted that the Bloom Energy Server is cheaper and cleaner than the grid. [1] [15] An expert at Gerson Lehrman Group wrote that, given today's electricity transmission losses of about 7% and utility-size gas-fired power stations efficiency of 33–48%, the Bloom Energy Server is up to twice as efficient as a gas-fired power station. [2] Fortune stated that "Bloom has still not released numbers about how much the Bloom Box costs to operate per kilowatt hour" and estimates that natural gas rather than bio-gas will be its primary fuel source. [31] AP reporter Jonathan Fahey in Forbes wrote: "Are we really falling for this again? Every clean tech company on the planet says it can produce clean energy cheaply, yet not a single one can. Government subsidies or mandates keep the entire worldwide industry afloat. Hand it to Bloom, the company has managed to tap into the hype machine like no other clean tech company in memory." [32]

Efficiency

Bloom claims a conversion efficiency of around 50%, [33] or up to 65% when new. [17] A modern combined cycle gas turbine power plant (CCGT) can reach 60% overall efficiency, while cogeneration (electricity and district heating) can achieve greater than 95% efficiency. Sridhar stated that Bloom's products convert chemical energy to electrical energy in one step, are more fuel efficient than current gas-fired power stations and reduce transmission/distribution losses by producing power where it is used. [34]

Each Bloom Energy Server ES5700 is said to provide 200 kW of power, similar to the baseload needs of 160 average homes or one office building. [35] The average monthly electricity consumption for a U.S. residential utility customer in 2012 was 903 kWh per month (or 1.24 kW mean load). [36]

Sridhar said the boxes have a 10-year life span, [15] although that could include replacing the cells during that period. [17] The CEO of eBay says Bloom Energy Servers have saved the company $100,000 in electricity bills since they were installed in mid-2009, [8] Fortune Magazine contributor Paul Keegan calls that figure "meaningless without the details to see how he got there". [31]

The largest disadvantage is the high operating temperature which results in longer start-up times and mechanical and chemical compatibility issues.

Long-term business case

Assuming a 50% future cost reduction, one could argue that the best case scenario for the 200 kW unit would be a capital (installed) cost comparable to today's 100 kW units, i.e., around $800,000. Using the average electricity price of $100/MWh and natural gas price $3/ MMBtu ($10/MWh) and assuming a 6% per year maintenance/operating cost apart from fuel, the break-even period for the device comes to over 8 years, based on published performance numbers. [37]

Long term cost consideration varies because backup generators are no longer necessary since the power grid acts as the emergency backup. No longer having to maintain and replace generators would reduce the break even period.

Parameter NameValueUnit / description
Fuel (natural gas) flow rate for 200 kW Bloom Energy Server1.32million Btu per hour
Fuel energy in rate in kW (1 million Btu per hour CH4 = 293 kW)386.76kW
Fuel cost$3.96per hour
Electric output rate200kW
System efficiency natural gas -> electricity52%percent conversion of natural gas energy to electrical energy
Electricity cost$0.10per kWh
Electricity produced revenue$20.00per hour
CO2 produced773lb/MWh
Run cost savings per bloom box (electricity revenue less fuel cost)$16.04per hour
Cost savings per year assuming 24X7 full load operation$140,510.40per year
Capital cost (estimated minimum cost after projected reductions)$800,000.00for each 200 kW unit
Annual maintenance / operation cost6%as a fraction of capital cost, per year
Cost savings after maintenance costs$92,510.40per year
Break even period8.6years

Competition

A Gerson Lehrman Group analyst wrote that GE dismantled its fuel cell group five years ago and Siemens almost dismantled theirs. [2] GE Power Conversion is researching a SOFC power hybrid. [38] United Technologies is the only large conglomerate that has competitive fuel cell technology. [2] Toshiba has technology to provide energy for a small device, not a neighborhood. [2]

Sprint owns 15 patents on hydrogen fuel cells and is using 250 fuel cells to provide backup power for its operations. Sprint has been using fuel cell power since 2005. In 2009, Sprint's fuel cell program received a grant of $7.3 million from the United States Department of Energy to expand the hydrogen capacity of its fuel cell tanks from providing up to 15 hours of backup power, to 72 hours. [39] Sprint partnered with ReliOn and Altergy for fuel cell manufacture, and with Air Products and Chemicals as a hydrogen supplier. German fuel cell firm P21 has been working on similar projects to supply backup power for cellular operations. [40] United Technologies makes fuel cells costing $4,500 per kilowatt.

In October 2009, the Department of Energy awarded nearly US$25 million in grants for research and development of solar fuels. [10] [41]

In October 2012, the US government awarded Bloom Energy $70,710,959 under its section 1603 energy awards program. [42]

A competitor claimed the Bloom Box uses a "thick electrolyte" that requires 900 °C temperatures to overcome electrical resistance. Topsoe Fuel Cell [43] and Ceres Power instead employ "thick anode" technology that allows operation at cooler temperature. Ceres has a four-year program to install 37,500 units in the homes of customers of the UK's British Gas. [44]

Ballard Power's comparably scaled products are based on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Ballard's 150 kW units are intended for mobile applications such as municipal buses, [45] while their larger 1 MW stationary systems are configured from banks of 11 kW building blocks. [46]

Another competitor in Europe and Australia is Ceramic Fuel Cells. It claims an efficiency of 60% for the power-only units; these fuel cells are based on technology spun off from Australia's CSIRO. [47]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuel cell</span> Device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from substances that are already present in the battery. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gasification</span> Form of energy conversion

Gasification is a process that converts biomass- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into gases, including as the largest fractions: nitrogen (N2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). This is achieved by reacting the feedstock material at high temperatures (typically >700 °C), without combustion, via controlling the amount of oxygen and/or steam present in the reaction. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel due to the flammability of the H2 and CO of which the gas is largely composed. Power can be derived from the subsequent combustion of the resultant gas, and is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass feedstock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternative fuel</span> Fuels from sources other than fossil fuels

Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are fuels derived from sources other than petroleum. Alternative fuels include gaseous fossil fuels like propane, natural gas, methane, and ammonia; biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol, and refuse-derived fuel; and other renewable fuels like hydrogen and electricity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cogeneration</span> Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen economy</span> Using hydrogen to decarbonize sectors which are hard to electrify

The hydrogen economy is an umbrella term that draws together the roles hydrogen can play alongside renewable electricity to decarbonize specific economic sectors, sub-sectors and activities which may be technically difficult to decarbonize through other means, or where cheaper and more energy-efficient clean solutions are not available. In this context, hydrogen economy encompasses hydrogen’s production through to end-uses in ways that substantively contribute to avoiding the use of fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

A regenerative fuel cell or reverse fuel cell (RFC) is a fuel cell run in reverse mode, which consumes electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A. By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed. However, a given device is usually optimized for operating in one mode and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards. Standard fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems unless they are purpose-built to do so as with high-pressure electrolysers, regenerative fuel cells, solid-oxide electrolyser cells and unitized regenerative fuel cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solid oxide fuel cell</span> Fuel cell that produces electricity by oxidization

A solid oxide fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material; the SOFC has a solid oxide or ceramic electrolyte.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molten carbonate fuel cell</span>

Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are high-temperature fuel cells that operate at temperatures of 600 °C and above.

Micro combined heat and power, micro-CHP, µCHP or mCHP is an extension of the idea of cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small office building in the range of up to 50 kW. Usual technologies for the production of heat and power in one common process are e.g. internal combustion engines, micro gas turbines, stirling engines or fuel cells.

Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. There are four main sources for the commercial production of hydrogen: natural gas, oil, coal, and electrolysis of water; which account for 48%, 30%, 18% and 4% of the world's hydrogen production respectively. Fossil fuels are the dominant source of industrial hydrogen. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (~95%) is produced by steam reforming of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons, and coal gasification. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification and methane pyrolysis. Methane pyrolysis and water electrolysis can use any source of electricity including renewable energy.

The Honda FCX is a family of hydrogen fuel cell automobiles manufactured by Honda.

The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry. The terms in this fuel cell glossary may be used by fuel cell industry associations, in education material and fuel cell codes and standards to name but a few.

A home fuel cell or a residential fuel cell is an electrochemical cell used for primary or backup power generation. They are similar to the larger industrial stationary fuel cells, but built on a smaller scale for residential use. These fuel cells are usually based on combined heat and power (CHP) or micro combined heat and power (Micro-CHP) technology, generating both power and heated water or air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solid oxide electrolyzer cell</span> Type of fuel cell

A solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) is a solid oxide fuel cell that runs in regenerative mode to achieve the electrolysis of water by using a solid oxide, or ceramic, electrolyte to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen. The production of pure hydrogen is compelling because it is a clean fuel that can be stored, making it a potential alternative to batteries, methane, and other energy sources. Electrolysis is currently the most promising method of hydrogen production from water due to high efficiency of conversion and relatively low required energy input when compared to thermochemical and photocatalytic methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landfill gas utilization</span>

Landfill gas utilization is a process of gathering, processing, and treating the methane or another gas emitted from decomposing garbage to produce electricity, heat, fuels, and various chemical compounds. After fossil fuel and agriculture, landfill gas is the third largest human generated source of methane. Compared to CO2, methane is 25 times more potent as a greenhouse gas. It is important not only to control its emission but, where conditions allow, use it to generate energy, thus offsetting the contribution of two major sources of greenhouse gases towards climate change. The number of landfill gas projects, which convert the gas into power, went from 399 in 2005 to 519 in 2009 in the United States, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. These projects are popular because they control energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These projects collect the methane gas and treat it, so it can be used for electricity or upgraded to pipeline-grade gas. These projects power homes, buildings, and vehicles.

KR Sridhar is an Indian American engineer, professor, and entrepreneur. He is the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer (CEO) of Bloom Energy. He was a professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering as well as Director of the Space Technologies Laboratory (STL) at the University of Arizona. Sridhar is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Bloom Energy is an American public company headquartered in San Jose, California. It manufactures and markets solid oxide fuel cells that produce electricity on-site. The company was founded in 2001 and came out of stealth mode in 2010. It raised more than $1 billion in venture capital funding before going public in 2018. Its fuel cells are subsidized by government incentive programs for green energy. As of 2020, Bloom had installed about 600 megawatts worth of fuel cells.

Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd was an Australian fuel cell technology company, based in Melbourne. The company produced the "BlueGen" gas-to-electricity generators. CFCL's developed solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology to provide reliable, energy efficient, high quality, and low-emission electricity from natural gas and renewable fuels. CFCL was developing SOFC products for small-scale on-site micro combined heat and power (m-CHP) and distributed generation units that co-generate electricity and heat for domestic use. On 1 March 2015 it was announced that the company had appointed voluntary administrators.

Power-to-gas is a technology that uses electric power to produce a gaseous fuel. When using surplus power from wind generation, the concept is sometimes called windgas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gateway Generating Station</span> Natural-gas-fired power station in California

Gateway Generating Station (GGS), formerly Contra Costa Unit 8 Power Project, is a combined-cycle, natural-gas-fired power station in Contra Costa County, California, which provides power to half a million customers in northern and central California. Gateway Generating Station is on the southern shore of the San Joaquin River, in Antioch, and is one of more than ten fossil-fuel power plants in Contra Costa County.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Tech Pioneers Who Will Change Your Life". Time . 2009-12-17. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 GLG Expert Contributor (22 February 2010). "Answering the Unanswered Questions". Gerson Lehrman Group. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  3. ↑ "Bloom Box: What is it and how does it work?". The Christian Science Monitor . 22 February 2010.
  4. ↑ "Bloom Energy Server unveiled, Bloom Box not for the home just yet". Mobile Magazine. Mobilemag.com. 2010-02-25. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  5. ↑ Goldenberg, Suzanne (22 February 2010). "Bloom Box fuel cell launch". The Guardian. London.
  6. ↑ "Industry leading companies choose Bloom Electrons for immediate cost savings and carbon reduction benefits" (PDF) (Press release). Bloom Energy. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 Schmit, Julie (24 February 2010). "Clean, cheap power from fuel cells in a box?". USA Today.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "The Bloom Box: An Energy Breakthrough?". 60 Minutes. February 21, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
  9. 1 2 Subhash C. Singhal, Kevin Kendall (2003). High temperature solid oxide fuel cells: fundamentals, design, and applications. Elsevier. p.  10. ISBN   1-85617-387-9.
  10. 1 2 Kanellos, Michael (22 February 2010). "Bloom Box fuel cell launch". Wired. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  11. 1 2 "Bloom Box challenges: Reliability, cost". cNet News. February 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  12. ↑ Fareed Zakaria (2010-04-22). "K.R. Sridhar: Bloom Energy's Fuel-Cell Guru – Newsweek and The Daily Beast". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  13. ↑ Woody, Todd (January 20, 2011). "An Affordable Way to Buy Fuel-Cell Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
  14. ↑ Woody, Todd (2010-02-24). "A maker of fuel cells blooms in California". The New York Timesblogs. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  15. 1 2 3 Woody, Todd (24 February 2010). "Bloom Energy Claims a New Fuel Cell Technology". The New York Times.
  16. 1 2 3 "Bloom Energy Revealed on 60 Minutes!". Greentech Media. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  17. 1 2 3 Helman, Christopher (13 February 2020). "The Forbes Investigation: How Bloom Energy Blew Through Billions Promising Cheap, Green Tech That Falls Short". Forbes.
  18. ↑ "A Maker of Fuel Cells Blooms in California". The New York Times. February 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  19. ↑ "NASA Technology Comes to Earth" . Retrieved 24 February 2010. (primary source)
  20. ↑ "Be The Solution | Customer Story: Staples". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 2010-02-24. (primary source)
  21. ↑ "Be The Solution | Customer Story: Walmart". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 2010-02-24. (primary source)
  22. ↑ "Be The Solution | Customer Story: FedEx". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 2010-02-24. (primary source)
  23. ↑ "Be The Solution | Customer Story: Coca-Cola". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 2010-02-24. (primary source)
  24. ↑ "Be The Solution | Customer Story: Bank of America". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  25. ↑ "Press kit". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 24 February 2010. (primary source)
  26. ↑ Hull, Dana (2014-07-31). "Yahoo is Bloom Energy's latest customer". SiliconBeat. Retrieved 2014-12-07.
  27. ↑ "Stop & Shop to convert 40 of its stores to microgrids in preparation for severe weather and power outages". 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  28. ↑ "Live from the Bloom Box press event". Engadget. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  29. ↑ Caption by: Josh Lowensohn, Michelle Meyers (2010-02-24). "Bloom board member Colin Powell – Meet the Bloom box (images) - CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  30. 1 2 3 "Bloom Energy unveils its 'Bloom Box' fuel cell". San Jose Mercury News . February 24, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  31. 1 2 "Bloom Box: Segway or savior?". Fortune. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  32. ↑ Fahey, Jonathan (2010-02-24). "What Bloom Energy Needs To Prove". Forbes . Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  33. ↑ Martin LaMonica (2010-03-01). "Parsing fact from fiction with the Bloom Energy box | Green Tech – CNET News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  34. ↑ "KR Sridhar: Transcript of Fresh Dialogues Interview Part One". Fresh Dialogues. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  35. ↑ "Energy Server – What is it?". Bloom Energy. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
  36. ↑ "How much electricity does an American home use? – FAQ – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Eia.gov. 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
  37. ↑ "Clean, Renewable Energy | Bloom Energy Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". Bloomenergy.com. 2011-10-13. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  38. ↑ "GE Claims Fuel Cell Breakthrough, Starts Pilot Production". spectrum.ieee.org. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  39. ↑ "Sprint Receives $7.3 Million U.S. Department of Energy Grant to Expand Hydrogen Fuel Cell Deployment". Apr 17, 2009. Archived from the original on December 2, 2009.
  40. ↑ Fehrenbacher, Katie (February 23, 2010). "Phone Companies Are Developing Fuel Cells, Too". Business Week . Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  41. ↑ "New Form of Solar Energy: Direct Solar Fuel". Business Week . October 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  42. ↑ "Recovery Act" . Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  43. ↑ "Topsoe Fuel Cell". Topsoefuelcell.com. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  44. ↑ "Innovation: Bloom didn't start a fuel-cell revolution". February 26, 2010.
  45. ↑ "PEM FC Product Portfolio" (PDF). Ballard Power. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
  46. ↑ "Application Overview". Ballard Power. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
  47. ↑ "CFCL". Ceramic Fuel Cells. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.