Blue corporal

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Blue corporal
Blue Corporal (4328133326).jpg
Male
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Infraorder: Anisoptera
Family: Libellulidae
Genus: Ladona
Species:
L. deplanata
Binomial name
Ladona deplanata
(Rambur, 1842) [1]
Synonyms

Libellula deplanata [2]

The blue corporal (Ladona deplanata), also known as little corporal, [3] is a dragonfly in the Libellulidae, or skimmer family. First described as Libellula deplanata by Jules Pierre Rambur in 1842, it is common across much of the eastern United States.

Contents

Taxonomy

When Jules Pierre Rambur first described the blue corporal in 1842, he assigned it to the large skimmer genus Libellula . There it remained until 1897, when James George Needham established the genus Ladona , and transferred the blue corporal (and several other species) to it. [4] Taxonomists have disagreed since as to which genus the dragonfly should be assigned to, with some subsuming members of the genus Ladona into Libellula, and others maintaining the two genera. [4] However, recent molecular DNA studies strongly suggest that Ladona is a monophyletic group which is a sister taxon to Libellula. [5] The blue corporal has, in the past, been considered to be a subspecies of the closely related white corporal. [6]

The etymology of the genus name Ladona is unknown, but the specific name deplanata, meaning "flattened" or "expanded", probably refers to the shape of the blue corporal's abdomen. The word "blue" in its common name refers to the male's coloration, while the word "corporal" refers to two lines on the dragonfly's thorax; in the US military, those with the rank of corporal wear two stripes on their uniforms. [7]

Description

The blue corporal is a small, thickset dragonfly, measuring 29–40 mm (1.1–1.6 in) in length. [8] The male has a dark brown thorax with two wide, bluish, pruinose stripes on the front and a pruinose blue abdomen. His face is black, and his eyes dark brown. The female is brown, with a narrow, pale stripe and an equally narrow black strip on each side of the thorax, and a black dorsal stripe down the center of her abdomen, broadening toward the posterior. Her face and eyes are brown. [9] Both sexes have clear wings with short black streaks at the base, often with a smaller amber streak between them. [8]

Similar species

The chalk-fronted corporal is larger, and shows a basal spot on the hindwing, rather than the streaks shown by the blue corporal; the adult male chalk-fronted corporal has a white (rather than black) face. [10] The male eastern pondhawk has completely clear wings (with no basal streaks) and green eyes, while the male blue dasher is slimmer, with green eyes and a white face. [11] The male little blue dragonlet is smaller, with clear wings and white cerci. [8]

Habitat, distribution and range

The blue corporal is common and widespread throughout the eastern United States. [10] Its range extends from Oklahoma to New Hampshire in the north, south to Texas and Florida. [7] It favors the still, infertile waters of sandy-bottomed ponds, lakes and pits, and breeds less frequently in streams than its close relatives do. [10]

Behavior

Unlike most skimmers—and indeed most dragonflies—the blue corporal typically perches on the ground, though it will sometimes cling vertically to sunlit trees during the late afternoon. Males spend much of their time patrolling the edges of ponds and lakes, resting on banks, low vegetation or floating debris between flights. Unless they are mating or laying eggs, females spend little time near the water. The blue corporal's flight is low and fluttering, occasionally interrupted by hovering. [11]

Like all odonates, the blue corporal is predatory. [12] As larval instars, they prey primarily on midge and mayfly larvae; they are also known to take ostracods and cladocerans, though these make up only a very small percentage of their diet. [13] As adults, they hunt flying insects, taking primarily small flies, beetles and leafhoppers. They are "sally hunters", making quick, short flights after prey from a perch on or near the ground. [12]

The blue corporal has a single brood per year. [14] It mates on the wing. The female, guarded by the male, who hovers above her, [15] deposits her eggs immediately after mating, dipping her abdomen into the water to do so. [11] She spreads her eggs out, spacing them several meters apart around the perimeter of a pond; overall, she lays few eggs in any one site. The young develop synchronously, which increases the amount of intraspecific competition between them. [15] The blue corporal overwinters as a final instar nymph, [11] and the entire population of an area emerges over a one-month period in early spring. [15] The flight period varies with latitude. For example, it flies from November to May in Florida, while in Louisiana it flies from February to May. [16] Further north, it emerges later. In South Carolina, it flies from late March until early May, while in Kansas it flies from April to May. [17] In Ohio and Kentucky, it flies from April to June, and in New Jersey, it flies from April to July. [16]

Conservation and threats

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has not officially assessed the blue corporal's status, but the dragonfly is said to be common across its range. [11] Like all dragonflies, it faces a variety of threats. As instars, blue corporals are preyed upon by fish; studies have shown that, in response, they tend to use cover more. [14] Larval mortality ranges from 90–97% annually. [13]

Related Research Articles

Odonata Order of insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies

Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies. Like most other flying insects, they evolved in the early Mesozoic era. Their prototypes, the giant dragonflies of the Carboniferous, 325 MYA, are no longer placed in the Odonata but included in the Protodonata or Meganisoptera.

Common whitetail Species of dragonfly

The common whitetail or long-tailed skimmer is a common dragonfly across much of North America, with a striking and unusual appearance. The male's chunky white body, combined with the brownish-black bands on its otherwise translucent wings, give it a checkered look. Females have a brown body and a different pattern of wing spots, closely resembling that of female Libellula pulchella, the twelve-spotted skimmer. Whitetail females can be distinguished by their smaller size, shorter bodies, and white zigzag abdominal stripes; the abdominal stripes of L. puchella are straight and yellow.

Red-veined darter Species of dragonfly

The red-veined darter or nomad is a dragonfly of the genus Sympetrum.

Green darner Species of dragonfly

The green darner or common green darner, after its resemblance to a darning needle, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. One of the most common and abundant species throughout North America, it also ranges south to Panama. It is well known for its great migration distance from the northern United States south into Texas and Mexico. It also occurs in the Caribbean, Tahiti, and Asia from Japan to mainland China. It is the official insect for the state of Washington in the United States.

<i>Enallagma cyathigerum</i> Species of damselfly

Enallagma cyathigerum is a species found mainly between latitudes 40°N and 72°N; It is widely distributed in the Palearctic, and the Nearctic species Enallagma annexum was at one time considered to be synonymous with it. The species can reach a length of 32 to 35 mm. It is common in many different countries including Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, the United States of America, and South Korea. Damselflies are an important link between the health of the aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change.

Flame skimmer Species of dragonfly

The flame skimmer or firecracker skimmer is a common dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western North America.

Widow skimmer Species of dragonfly

Widow Skimmer is one of the group of dragonflies known as king skimmers. The nymphs live in the water, molting and growing until they are ready to emerge from the water and then molting a final time to reveal their wings.

Chalk-fronted corporal Species of dragonfly

The chalk-fronted corporal is a skimmer dragonfly found in the northern United States and southern Canada.

<i>Sympetrum vicinum</i> Species of dragonfly

Sympetrum vicinum, the yellow-legged meadowhawk or autumn meadowhawk, is a member of the Libellulidae family and grows to 26–35 mm long.

<i>Aeshna affinis</i> Species of dragonfly

Aeshna affinis, the southern migrant hawker or blue-eyed hawker, is a dragonfly found in southern Europe and Asia. It is in the family Aeshnidae and is very similar in appearance to A. mixta.

Neon skimmer Species of dragonfly

The neon skimmer is a dragonfly of the skimmer family. It can be found near ponds, lakes and slow moving streams in the southwest United States, Central America, and northern South America.

Powdered dancer Species of damselfly

The powdered dancer is a damselfly of the family Coenagrionidae. It is native to North America. It may be seen year-round in at least some of its range.

Eastern forktail Species of damselfly

Eastern forktail is a member of the damselfly family Coenagrionidae.

Desert whitetail Species of dragonfly

The desert whitetail is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. P. subornata is often put into the genus Libellula.

<i>Lestes dryas</i> Species of damselfly

Lestes dryas is a species of damselfly in the family Lestidae, the spreadwings. Its common names include emerald spreadwing, scarce emerald damselfly and robust spreadwing. An alternate name in Ireland is the turlough spreadwing.

<i>Chalcolestes viridis</i> Species of damselfly

Chalcolestes viridis, formerly Lestes viridis, is a damselfly of the family Lestidae. It has a metallic green body and at rest it holds its wings away from its body. Its common name is the willow emerald damselfly or the western willow spreadwing.

<i>Austrolestes colensonis</i> Species of damselfly

Austrolestes colensonis, commonly known as the blue damselfly, is a species of damselfly of the family Lestidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and can commonly be found throughout the country, and at any time of the year. It is New Zealand's largest damselfly, and only blue odonate.

<i>Ischnura erratica</i> Species of damselfly

Ischnura erratica, the swift forktail, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is native to the Pacific Northwest, ranging from British Columbia to northern California.

<i>Paracercion calamorum</i> Species of damselfly

Paracercion calamorum, the dusky lilly-squatter, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It has a range that extends from southern far-eastern Russia to Japan, and to India and Indonesia. The nominate subspecies P. c. calamorum is known from central and eastern China, Korea and Japan. The subspecies P. c. dyeri occurs in southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Nepal, and Thailand.

<i>Lestes dorothea</i> Species of damselfly

Lestes dorothea or Forest Spreadwing is a damselfly species in the family Lestidae. It is distributed from south and northeast India to Thailand and Malaysia.

References

  1. ↑ "Ladona deplanata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  2. ↑ "Libellula deplanata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  3. ↑ Needham, James George (1954). A Manual of the Dragonflies. Berkeley, CA, US: University of California Press. p. 474. LCCN   54-6674.
  4. 1 2 Steinmann, Henrik (1997). World Catalogue of Odonata, volume 2: Anisoptera. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 391. ISBN   978-3-11-014934-0.
  5. ↑ Kambhampati, Srinivas; Charlton, Ralph E. (January 1999). "Phylogenetic relationship among Libellula, Ladona and Plathemis (Odonata: Libellulidae) based on DNA sequence of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene". Systematic Entomology. 24 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1999.00066.x. S2CID   83165475.
  6. ↑ Calvert, Philip P. (July 1893). "Catalogue of the Odonata (Dragonflies) of the Vicinity of Philadelphia, with an Introduction to the Study of This Group of Insects". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 20 (3): 152–272.
  7. 1 2 Paulson, Dennis R.; Dunkle, Sidney W. (2011). A Checklist of North American Odonata (PDF). Tacoma, WA, US: Slater Museum of Natural History, University of Puget Sound. p. 61.
  8. 1 2 3 Beaton, Giff (2007). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens, GA, US: University of Georgia Press. p. 276. ISBN   978-0-8203-2795-2.
  9. ↑ Paulson, Dennis R. (2009). Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN   978-0-691-12280-9.
  10. 1 2 3 Dunkle, Sidney W. (2010). Dragonflies Through Binoculars. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN   978-0-19-511268-9.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Abbott, John C. (2015). Dragonflies of Texas: A Field Guide. Austin, TX, US: University of Texas Press. pp. 298–299. ISBN   978-0-292-71448-9.
  12. 1 2 Paulson (2011), p. 14.
  13. 1 2 Benke, Arthur C. (August 1976). "Dragonfly Production and Prey Turnover". Ecology. 57 (5): 915–927. doi:10.2307/1941057. JSTOR   1941057.
  14. 1 2 Pierce, C. L. (1988). "Predator Avoidance, Microhabitat Shift, and Risk-Sensitive Foraging in Larval Dragonflies". Oecologia. 77 (1): 81–90. Bibcode:1988Oecol..77...81P. doi:10.1007/bf00380929. JSTOR   4218743. PMID   28312319. S2CID   3108913.
  15. 1 2 3 Buskirk, Ruth E.; Sherman, Karen J. (March 1985). "The Influence of Larval Ecology on Oviposition and Mating Strategies in Dragonflies". The Florida Entomologist. 68 (1): 39–51. doi:10.2307/3494329. JSTOR   3494329.
  16. 1 2 Paulson (2011), p. 403.
  17. ↑ Landwer, Brett H. P.; Sites, Robert W. (March 2010). "The Larval Odonata of Ponds in the Prairie Region of Missouri". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 136 (1/2): 1–105. doi:10.3157/061.136.0201. JSTOR   40785275. S2CID   84295124.

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