Boot Monument

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Boot Monument
Arnold-boot.jpg
Monument to Benedict Arnold's injured foot at Saratoga National Historical Park
Boot Monument
43°0′30.2″N73°38′21.7″W / 43.008389°N 73.639361°W / 43.008389; -73.639361
Location Saratoga National Historical Park
Designer George Edwin Bissell
Dedicated to Benedict Arnold, although it does not mention his name

The Boot Monument is an American Revolutionary War memorial located in Saratoga National Historical Park, New York. Erected during 1887 by John Watts de Peyster and sculpted by George Edwin Bissell, it commemorates Major General Benedict Arnold's service at the Battles of Saratoga while in the Continental Army, but does not mention him on the monument because Arnold later betrayed the Continental Army to the British Army. Instead, it commemorates Arnold as the "most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army".

Contents

While fighting at the Battle of Bemis Heights, the second of the Saratoga engagements, Arnold was shot and severely injured in his left leg. His horse was also hit by gunfire and fell on Arnold, crushing his already injured leg. After this, Arnold continued to grow ever more bitter towards the Continental Army when he was passed over for promotion and was court-martialed. He later attempted to help the British capture the fortification of West Point but was discovered and fled to the British army.

Background

American Major General Benedict Arnold contributed to both Battles of Saratoga, two crucial engagements of the American Revolutionary War that took place near Saratoga, New York. [1] The extent of his contributions to the first battle, the Battle of Freeman's Farm, are disputed. [a] [3] [4] In the second conflict, the Battle of Bemis Heights on October 7, 1777, Arnold unexpectedly joined the fighting [5] [6] even after disagreements between him and Major General Horatio Gates resulted in Arnold's command being removed and given to Major General Benjamin Lincoln. [7] Gates attempted to send Arnold back to camp, but Gates's orders did not reach Arnold until the battle was over. Arnold led the American Continental Army in taking a redoubt commanded by Lord Balcarres. [8] At the end of the conflict, Arnold's left leg and horse were shot. When the horse fell, Arnold's leg shattered. [3] Arnold refused to have his leg amputated and instead had it faultily set. [9]

Gates did not make much mention of Arnold's contributions in his report of the aftermath of the battle, which angered Arnold. [10] In addition, his combat wounds, not having been promoted by Congress, [11] and eight court-martial charges of abusing his military commander of Philadelphia role further embittered him. [12] These troubles, along with the fact that his wife, Peggy Shippen, came from a family of Loyalists, caused Arnold to start communicating with the British army. Sir Henry Clinton, a British General, finally offered Arnold £20,000 (equivalent to £3,353,000in 2023) for the capture of West Point, [13] a fortification that was important to the control of the Hudson River. [14] Arnold met with British Major John André so he could pass on information on how to best attack West Point. [15] André was captured on his way back to New York and the plans for the West Point attack were discovered. [16] Arnold fled to New York City to join the British army [17] and remained as a general there until the war ended in 1783. [18] [19]

History

After years of financial problems that delayed the creation of the Saratoga Battle Monument, the Saratoga Monument Association (SMA), a group formed to discuss the creation of a monument for the Battles of Saratoga, held a meeting in July 1882. During the meeting, there was an announcement by Ellen Hardin Walworth, chairman of the Committee of Tablets, that the spot where Arnold injured his leg was marked by a stake. No one at the meeting objected to the stake being placed. [20]

John Watts de Peyster, a former Major General, American Civil War veteran, military historian, [21] and a vice president of the SMA, [22] wanted to commemorate Arnold's contribution to the Continental Army's victory over the British. [23] He was unsatisfied that the niche on the Saratoga Battle Monument where a statue of Arnold should have gone would remain empty. [24] De Peyster considered Arnold a traitor but still recognized his contributions at Saratoga. According to Arnold biographer Jim Murphy, he wanted to "honor some of Arnold's deeds without honoring the man" [23] but thought that simply a slab of granite to commemorate Arnold "would not do." [22]

De Peyster decided on a boot for the monument because he had heard of a story where Arnold asked an American he met in London what the Americans thought of him, to which the American said that they would make a monument out of Arnold's leg and hang the rest of his body in effigy. [25] [26] The historian Michael L. Lear said that he decided on Arnold's boot as a suitable monument because "the leg was the only part of Arnold not to later turn traitor and since it was sacrificed in winning the battle of Saratoga, it should be commemorated." [23] He commissioned George Edwin Bissell, [22] [27] who had designed other statues that de Peyster had erected, [23] to sculpt a marker in white marble. [22] The monument was then erected during 1887 in Saratoga National Historical Park. [23] It is the only monument to Arnold in the United States [28] and the only monument in Saratoga National Historical Park that does not show the name of its honoree. [27]

The toe of the Boot Monument was hammered off [29] and stolen by college boys on a visit [30] [31] and they were only discovered when an anonymous informer (described as "a graduate of a New York State educational institution") told the battlefield official in 1931 that the toe had been stolen. [26] The monument underwent restoration after Adolph S. Ochs, publisher of The New York Times , financed it. [32] [33]

The monument was originally located further to the north at the top of the hill at the Breymann Redoubt site, but after further research as to where Arnold injured his leg, the monument was moved south to where the main fortifications of the redoubt were. [34] The time at which this happened is disputed with some sources saying 1975 [27] [35] while others say 1972. However, the monument was still at the Breymann Redoubt before the time of its move and is still at the southern end of the redoubt. [23] [36] [37]

Appearance

The reverse of the Boot Monument, where the inscription is written The Boot Monument Uncovered (a3ffc30d-9e26-44a7-8d69-87b8b8957f3b).JPG
The reverse of the Boot Monument, where the inscription is written

The monument is made of white marble [22] [38] and is 4 feet (1.2 m) tall. [39] Because of Arnold's defection to the British it does not mention him by name, [b] [3] [40] [41] and De Peyster was worried that the monument would be defaced if it mentioned Arnold directly. [42] [31] It features a howitzer barrel with a left-footed horseman's riding boot [3] [40] [41] and a two-star epaulette on top of the barrel, representing a Major General. A laurel leaf wreath sits atop the howitzer. [43] [44] [45] As a sign of dishonor, the howitzer barrel is pointed downwards. [46] One error in the inscription is that Arnold did not earn the rank of Major General after, and because of, Saratoga, but he became more senior than the other officers who had been promoted before him. [23] The inscription was edited after its erection to say "erected 1887 by" before De Peyster's name to make it clear that he is not the honoree of the boot. [29] The monument faces the battlefield. [47]

The inscription on the monument reads:

Erected 1887 By
JOHN WATTS de PEYSTER
Brev: Maj: Gen: S.N.Y.
2nd V. Pres't Saratoga Mon't Ass't'n:
In memory of
the "most brilliant soldier" of the
Continental Army
who was desperately wounded
on this spot the sally port of
BURGOYNES GREAT (WESTERN) REDOUBT
7th October, 1777
winning for his countrymen
the decisive battle of the
American Revolution
and for himself the rank of
Major General. [24] [48]

As with the absence of Arnold's name from the Boot Monument, the Saratoga Battle Monument honors Gates, General Philip Schuyler, Colonel Daniel Morgan, and Arnold, but the place where Arnold's statue should stand in the monument is an empty niche. [49] [50] [51] In an old cadet chapel at West Point, Revolutionary War generals are honored with a plaque on the wall, but Arnold's plaque does not have his name on it, and only mentions his birth and death dates. [52]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The most accepted version of Arnold's contributions, supported by Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin, is that he led troops on the battlefield. However, former park historian John Luzader says that Arnold sent orders from headquarters. [2] [3]
  2. ↑ An example of damnatio memoriae — Latin for "condemnation of memory"

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References

  1. ↑ Ketchum 1997, pp. 347–348.
  2. ↑ Luzader 2008, pp. 388–390.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Martin 1997, pp.  378–381, 514.
  4. ↑ Ketchum 1997, p. 515.
  5. ↑ Luzader 2008, p. 285.
  6. ↑ Nickerson 1928, p. 362.
  7. ↑ Ketchum 1997, pp. 284–285.
  8. ↑ Nickerson 1928, p. 365.
  9. ↑ Brandt 1993, pp. 141–146.
  10. ↑ Palmer 2006, pp. 254–255.
  11. ↑ Philbrick 2016, p. xvi.
  12. ↑ Philbrick 2016, pp. 231, 236.
  13. ↑ Randall 1990, pp. 511–512.
  14. ↑ Philbrick 2016, pp. 267–269.
  15. ↑ Randall 1990, pp. 545–546.
  16. ↑ Randall 1990, p. 552.
  17. ↑ Philbrick 2016, p. 310.
  18. ↑ Brandt 1993, p. 252.
  19. ↑ Randall 1990, p. 589.
  20. ↑ Strange 2015, pp. 198, 213.
  21. ↑ Murphy 2007, p. 2.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Strange 2015, pp. 194–221.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Murphy 2007, pp. 2, 3, 235.
  24. 1 2 Watson, Elmo Scott (January 31, 1941). "Time Softens the Harsh Verdict of His Contemporaries on an American Military Genius who was Born Just 200 Years Ago". The Pentwater News. Pentwater, Michigan. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  25. ↑ "Arnold's Toe Stolen". Lawrence Journal-World . July 28, 1931. p. 5. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  26. 1 2 "Find Clue to Missing Monument". The Telegraph . July 28, 1931. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  27. 1 2 3 Holmes & Smith-Holmes 2012, p. 38.
  28. ↑ Tonsetic 2013, p. 144.
  29. 1 2 Duffus, R. I. (November 9, 1930). "A Monument to the Leg of a Traitor". The New York Times . p. 2. Archived from the original on June 4, 2024.
  30. ↑ "General's Boot Lured Students". The Spokesman-Review . July 29, 1931. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  31. 1 2 "Nameless Monument For Benedict Arnold". The Lewiston Daily Sun . August 22, 1927. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  32. ↑ "At Last! Clue to Last Part of Monument to a Man's Leg". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . July 31, 1931. p. 24. Archived from the original on May 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  33. ↑ "May Find Toe of Only Statue to a Left Leg". Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal. Dubuque, Iowa. July 28, 1931. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
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  35. ↑ Gruse, Doug (August 11, 2015). "Famed Traitor Gets a Leg Up". The Post-Star . Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  36. ↑ Thompson, Bob (July 3, 2005). "Revolutionary Saratoga Springs: Details". Boca Raton News . p. 32. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Tour Stop 7: The Decisive Moment". www.nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
  38. ↑ "Monument To Leg Honors Traitor". Kentucky New Era . June 28, 1956. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  39. ↑ Ducharme & Fine 1995, pp. 1323–1324.
  40. 1 2 Middleton, Drew (October 8, 1977). "Oct. 7,1777: The Beginning of the End at Saratoga". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
  41. 1 2 Coe, Alexis (July 14, 2020). "Yes, Take Down the Confederate Statues. But the Founders are Different". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
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  45. ↑ Ayres 2008, p. 165.
  46. ↑ "Palance Recalls Arnold Heroism at Saratoga". Schenectady Gazette . September 11, 1985. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  47. ↑ "Proposal to Honor Arnold Frowned Upon". Schenectady Gazette . August 4, 1930. p. 17. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  48. ↑ "Digital Collections: Still Image: Monument Dedicated by John Watts de Peyster, Brev: Maj. Gen. S.N.Y. [NYSA_14297-87_3626]". digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov. New York State Archives. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
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  50. ↑ MacIvor, Ivor (March 20, 1954). "The Hero Who Got The Boot". The Saturday Evening Post . p. 98. ISSN   0048-9239. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  51. ↑ "Saratoga Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
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Works cited

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