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Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, and Cynthia Solomon. Logo is not an acronym: the name was coined by Feurzeig while he was at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and derives from the Greek logos, meaning word or thought.
A microprocessor is a computer processor for which the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). The IC is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic operations. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.
Seymour Aubrey Papert was a South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, who spent most of his career teaching and researching at MIT. He was one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, and of the constructionist movement in education. He was co-inventor, with Wally Feurzeig and Cynthia Solomon, of the Logo programming language.
In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is the virtualization or emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide the functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software, or a combination of the two. Virtual machines differ and are organized by their function, shown here:
Lego Mindstorms is a discontinued hardware and software structure which develops programmable robots based on Lego bricks.
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Mitchel Resnick is LEGO Papert Professor of Learning Research, Director of the Okawa Center, and Director of the Lifelong Kindergarten group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab. As of 2019, Resnick serves as head of the Media Arts and Sciences academic program, which grants master's degrees and Ph.D.s at the MIT Media Lab.
Rodnay Zaks is a French-born American author of many books on computer programming, including the seminal Programming the Z80 and Programming the 6502. He is the founder of independent computer book publisher Sybex and was its president and chief executive officer (CEO) until its takeover by John Wiley & Sons in May 2005.
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Cynthia Solomon is an American computer scientist known for her work in popularizing computer science for students. She is a pioneer in the fields of computer science, and educational computing. While working as a researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Solomon took it upon herself to understand and program in the programming language Lisp. As she began learning this language, she realized the need for a programming language that was more accessible and understandable for children. Throughout her research studies in education, Solomon worked full-time as a computer teacher in elementary and secondary schools. Her work has mainly focused on research on human-computer interaction and children as designers. While working at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, she worked with Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert, to create the first programming language for children, named Logo. The language was created to teach concepts of programming related to Lisp. Solomon has attained many accomplishments in her life such as being the vice president of R&D for Logo Computer Systems, Inc., when Apple Logo was developed and was the Director of the Atari Cambridge Research Laboratory. Solomon worked on the program committee of Constructing Modern Knowledge and the Marvin Minsky Institute for Artificial Intelligence in 2016. Further, she has published many writings based on research in the field of child education and technology in the classroom. Solomon has conducted workshops in elementary schools, high schools, and colleges regarding academic research and writing. She continues to contribute to the field by speaking at conferences and working with the One Laptop per Child Foundation.
Natalie Rusk is a research scientist in the Lifelong Kindergarten (LLK) group, part of the MIT Media Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Paula Bonta is an Argentinian-Canadian computer scientist and educational software designer. She is known for developing programming environments for children, most notably contributing to the design of the Scratch programming language before it was even called Scratch. She co-founded the Playful Invention Company, a spin-off from the MIT Media Lab noted for developing the Programmable Cricket, with Mitchel Resnick and Brian Silverman and serves as Lead Designer. She was also the design director for several award-winning software products for children, including MicroWorlds and the "My Make Believe" series of products from Logo Computer Systems, Inc. She has a degree in computer science and a graduate degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.
The Gigatron TTL is a retro-style 8-bit computer, where the CPU is implemented by a set of TTL chips instead of a single microprocessor, imitating the hardware present in early arcades. Its target is the computing enthusiasts, for studying or hobby purposes.
Marina Umaschi Bers is the Augustus Long Professor of Education at Boston College. Bers holds a secondary appointment in Boston College's Department of Computer Science. Bers directs the interdisciplinary DevTech Research Group, which she started in 2001 at Tufts University. Her research involves the design and study of innovative learning technologies to promote children's positive development. She is known for her work in the field of early childhood computer science with projects of national and international visibility. Bers is the co-creator of the free ScratchJr programming language, used by 35 million children, and the creator of the KIBO robotic kit, which has no screens or keyboards.
Trevor Mudge is a computer scientist, academic and researcher. He is the Bredt Family Chair of Computer Science and Engineering, and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan.
References
- 1 2 Computing Pioneer Returns to CMK 2010 Faculty! Archived November 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , Constructing Modern Knowledge, September 29, 2010.
- ↑ Dewdney, A. K. (October 1989), "Computer Recreations: A Tinkertoy computer that plays tic-tac-toe", Scientific American , doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0889-102, archived from the original on January 20, 2013
- ↑ What is Logo? Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine , Logo Foundation, retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ↑ Martín, Fred G. (2001), Robotic explorations: a hands-on introduction to engineering, Prentice Hall, p. 11, ISBN 9780130895684 .
- ↑ "PicoCricket - Invention Kit That Integrates Art and Technology." PicoCricket - Invention Kit That Integrates Art and Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 July 2013.
- ↑ "The PicoCricket Kit | Playful Invention Company". www.playfulinvention.com. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
- ↑ Swaminathan, Nikhil (July–August 2011), "Digging into Technology's Past: "Digital archaeologists" excavate the microprocessor that ushered in the home computing revolution", Archaeology, 64 (4).
- ↑ Tim McNerney's talk at the Computer History Museum on 4004 35th anniversary project, Intel 4004 — 35th Anniversary Project, retrieved 2013-02-11.
- ↑ James, Greg; Silverman, Barry; Silverman, Brian (2010). "Visualizing a classic CPU in action: The 6502". ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Talks. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 1. doi:10.1145/1837026.1837061. ISBN 9781450303941. S2CID 1290581.
- ↑ Ward, Mark (30 July 2001), "Happy 40th, computer games", BBC News .
- ↑ Rucker, Rudy (2006), The Lifebox, the Seashell, And the Soul: What Gnarly Computation Taught Me About Ultimate Reality, the Meaning of Life, And How to Be Happy, Basic Books, p. 242, ISBN 9781560258988 .
- ↑ Wolfram, Stephen (2002), A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, p. 1117