Brooskampers

Last updated

Brooskampers
Bakabusi Nengre
Total population
n/a
Languages
Sranan Tongo, Dutch
formerly: undefined English based creole
Religion
Roman Catholic & Winti
Related ethnic groups
Saramaka, Aluku

The Brooskampers (also: Bakabusi Nengre) were a Maroon people, descendants of runaway African slaves, living in the forested interior of Suriname. The tribe is related to the Saramaka, and originated from Loango-Angola. [1] The Brooskampers gained autonomy in 1863, but sold their land in 1917.

Contents

History

In the 1740s, the tribe lived in the swamps near Surnau Creek [2] in a camp founded by Tata Kukudabi. [3] In 1772, part of the tribe left and joined the Aluku. [2] In 1862, escaped slaves from plantation Rac à Rac joined the Brooskampers. This was during the preparations of the planned emancipation of the slaves, and therefore the existence of another tribe worried the government. [4] The population of Brooskampers was estimated at about 200 people. [2] At first the government tried to attack them, however the troops got bogged down in the swamp, and had to retreat. [2]

Rorac
Former village & plantation
Suriname location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Rorac
Location in Suriname
Coordinates: 5°39′10″N55°02′55″W / 5.6527°N 55.0485°W / 5.6527; -55.0485 Coordinates: 5°39′10″N55°02′55″W / 5.6527°N 55.0485°W / 5.6527; -55.0485
Country Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname
District Commewijne District
Resort Meerzorg
Government
 • CaptainBroos
 • CaptainKaliko
Area
[5] [6]
 • Total9.16 km2 (3.54 sq mi)
Population
 (1862) [2]
 • Totalca.200
Time zone UTC-3
Church in Rorac (1900) Church at plantation rorac.png
Church in Rorac (1900)

On 2 September 1863, a peace treaty was signed offering the tribe the abandoned plantations Klaverblad and Rorac. [7] [5] No granman (paramount chief) was appointed instead Broos and his brother Kaliko were installed as kabitens (captains). [5]

At first they didn't trust the colonists and hid in the forest behind Klaverblad, however in 1874 the Brooskampers settled at the plantations. [8] In 1891, a temporary church was opened by the Catholic priests who were in Bethesda on the other side of the Suriname River. In 1898, a school was opened, and in 1900, a real church was finished. [8] Klaverblad is no longer mentioned during the 20th century. The almanac of 1910, lists Klaverblad as owned by J. Braumuller. Rorac, on the other hand, is owned by Johannes Babel, the son of Broos and his successor as kabiten. The plantation produced cacao, corn and rice. [9]

Road surfacing material which was purchased from the village, contained bauxite. [10] In 1917, [7] kabiten Johannes Babel and Alcoa negotiated a deal which was accepted by the tribe, [11] the lands were sold, and the people settled in Tout-Lui-Faut near Paramaribo. [7] In 1920, the last 20 inhabitants were asked to leave and given a ƒ 500,- (€ 2,800 in 2018 [12] ) moving premium. [13]

In 2011, Alcoa ceased bauxite production at the site. [14] Ronald Babel, one of the descendants, and other family members had restored the damaged graves at the plantation, [1] and erected a Winti shrine at the site. [15]

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

The early history of Suriname dates from 3000 BCE when Native Americans first inhabited the area. The Dutch acquired Suriname from the English, and European settlement in any numbers dates from the 17th century, when it was a plantation colony utilizing slavery for sugar cultivation. With abolition in the late 19th century, planters sought labor from China, Madeira, India, and Indonesia, which was also colonized by the Dutch. Dutch is Suriname's official language. Owing to its diverse population, it has also developed a creole language, Sranan.

Marowijne District District of Suriname

Marowijne is a district of Suriname, located on the north-east coast. Marowijne's capital city is Albina, with other towns including Moengo and Wanhatti. The district borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, the Surinamese district of Sipaliwini to the south, and the Surinamese districts of Commewijne and Para to the west.

Aluku

The Aluku are a Bushinengue ethnic group living mainly on the riverbank in Maripasoula in southwest French Guiana. The group are sometimes called Boni, referring to the 18th-century leader, Bokilifu Boni.

Paramaccan people

The Paramaccan or Paramaka are a Maroon tribe living in the forested interior of Suriname, mainly in the Pamacca resort, and the western border area of French Guiana. The Paramaccan signed a peace treaty in 1872 granting the tribe autonomy.

The Kwinti are a Maroon people, descendants of runaway African slaves, living in the forested interior of Suriname on the bank of the Coppename River, and the eponymous term for their language, which has fewer than 300 speakers. Their language is an English-based creole with Dutch, Portuguese and other influences. It is similar to the languages spoken by the Aluku and Paramaccan Maroons, and split from Sranan Tongo in the middle 18th century. The Kwinti had a population of about 300 in 2014 and adhere to the Moravian Church.

Moengo Resort in Marowijne District, Suriname

Moengo is a town in Suriname, located in the Marowijne district, between Paramaribo and the border town Albina on the Cottica River. Moengo is also a resort (municipality) in the district of Marowijne. Moengo was the capital of Marowijne District between 1932 and 1945. The current capital is Albina.

Meerzorg Resort in Commewijne District, Suriname

Meerzorg is a town in Suriname, located on the eastern bank of the Suriname River, directly opposite the capital Paramaribo. Its population at the 2012 census was 12,405. Since 2000 it has been connected to Paramaribo by the Jules Wijdenbosch Bridge, named after the former President Jules Wijdenbosch.

Beekhuizen Resort in Paramaribo District, Suriname

Beekhuizen is a former sugarcane plantation and currently a resort in Suriname, located in the Paramaribo District. Its population at the 2012 census was 17,185.

Ndyuka people Ethnic group

The Ndyuka people or Aukan people (Okanisi), are one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana. The Aukan or Ndyuka speak the Ndyuka language. They are subdivided into the Opu, who live upstream of the Tapanahony River in the Tapanahony resort of southeastern Suriname, and the Bilo, who live downstream of that river in Marowijne District

Afro-Surinamese people are the inhabitants of Suriname of Sub-Saharan African ancestry. They are descended from slaves brought to work on sugar plantations. Many of them escaped the plantations and formed independent settlements together, becoming known as Maroons and Bushinengue. They maintained vestiges of African culture and language. Split into two ethnic subgroups, Afro-Surinamese make up the largest racial group in the country.

Netherlands–Suriname relations Bilateral relations

Netherlands–Suriname relations refers to the current and historical relations between the Netherlands and Suriname. Both nations share historic ties and a common language (Dutch) and are members of the Dutch Language Union.

Granman

Granman is the title of the paramount chief of a Maroon nation in Suriname and French Guiana. The Ndyuka, Saramaka, Matawai, Aluku, Paramaka and Kwinti nations all have a granman. The paramount chiefs of Amerindian peoples in Suriname are nowadays also often called granman.

Matawai people

The Matawai are a tribe of Surinamese Maroons. The Matawai were originally part of the Saramaka, and signed a peace agreement with the Dutch colonists in 1762. The tribe split from the Saramaka, and in 1769, they were recognized as a separate tribe.

Bokilifu Boni was a freedom fighter and guerrilla leader in Suriname, when it was under Dutch colonial rule. Born in Cottica to an enslaved African mother who escaped from her Dutch master, he grew up with her among the Maroons in the forest. He was such a powerful leader that his followers were known as Boni's people after him. They built a fort in the lowlands and conducted raids against Dutch plantations along the coast. Under pressure from Dutch regular army and hundreds of freedmen, they went east across the river into French Guiana. Boni continued to conduct raids from there, but was ultimately killed in warfare.

Berg en Dal, Suriname Village in Brokopondo District, Suriname

Berg en Dal is a village in the resort of Klaaskreek in the Brokopondo District of Suriname. The village is located on the Suriname River.

Katwijk, Suriname Coffee plantation and village in Commewijne District, Suriname

Katwijk is coffee plantation and village in the Alkmaar resort of the Commewijne District of Suriname. It is the only coffee plantation in Suriname which is still in operation. During World War II, Katwijk was an internment camp for prostitutes.

Squatting in Suriname Occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner

Squatting in Suriname is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. Maroons and indigenous peoples such as Tiriyó Amerindians have squatted buildings and illegal gold prospectors have occupied land.

France–Suriname relations Bilateral relations

Diplomatic relations between France and Suriname were established on 25 August 1976. Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana share a common border of 520 kilometres (320 mi). Suriname operates an embassy in Paris, a consulate in Cayenne, and an honorary consulate in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. France operates an embassy in Paramaribo, a consulate in Georgetown, Guyana, and an honorary consulate in Albina.

Berlijn, Suriname Village in Para District, Suriname

Berlijn is a village and former wood plantation in the resort of Zuid in the Para District in Suriname. It is located on the Para Creek, and about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport.

Onverdacht Village in Para District, Suriname

Onverdacht is a village in the resort of Zuid in the Para District of Suriname. Between 1941 and 2009, it was a bauxite mining town.

References

  1. 1 2 "Rorac; een Surinaams volksliedje nader belicht". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Edwin Marshall. "De Brooskampers". NAKS Suriname (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  3. ↑ "Tweede gedeelte: de boschnegers". Delpher.nl. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië. 1903. p. 530. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  4. ↑ Scholtens 1994, p. 33.
  5. 1 2 3 "Plantage Rorac". Suriname Plantages (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  6. ↑ "Plantage Claverblad" (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 July 2020. 1,130 Surinamese acres for Klaverblad + 1,000 for Rorac = 2,130 x 0.43 (hectares/sr acre) ÷ 100 (hectares->km) = 9.16 km2
  7. 1 2 3 Scholtens 1994, p. 34.
  8. 1 2 3 "Rorac". Suriname.nu (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  9. ↑ "Surinaamsche Almanak voor het Jaar 1910". Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch). 1909. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "Aluminium". Canon van Nederland (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  11. ↑ "Twee Amerikanen onderhandelen met de eigenaren van Onoribo en De Vrijheid". De West via Delpher (in Dutch). 26 June 1950. Retrieved 30 July 2020. Referred to both as captain and granman in the newspaper article
  12. ↑ "De waarde van de gulden / euro". Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (in Dutch). Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  13. ↑ "Rorac". De Surinamer via Delpher (in Dutch). 12 February 1920. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  14. ↑ "Notulen". Rorac Association (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  15. ↑ "Fotoalbum". Rorac Association. Retrieved 30 July 2020.

Bibliography

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