Bryconops cyrtogaster

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Bryconops cyrtogaster
Bryconops cyrtogaster preserved.jpg
Preserved specimen
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Iguanodectidae
Genus: Bryconops
Species:
B. cyrtogaster
Binomial name
Bryconops cyrtogaster
Norman, 1926

Bryconops cyrtogaster is a midsize species of freshwater fish found in the Oyapock river in French Guiana and Brazil. It is overall silver, with an indistinct dark patch at the base of the tail fin that spreads onto the fin rays slightly. Originally described in 1926 under a different baisonym, it was the subject of a redescription in June 2020.

Contents

Description

Bryconops cyrtogaster is about 12 cm (4.7 in) in total length, [1] which makes it slightly longer than the average member of its genus. [2] Its scales are generally silver, with a faint lateral line towards its back half. [3] One of its identifying features is a diffuse dark patch on the caudal peduncle that bleeds into the upper lobe of the caudal fin. [4] It also has a single humeral spot above each pectoral fin. [5]

The snout is short and the eye wide in comparison, the latter larger than the former. [3] The mouth itself is terminal, equipped with multicuspid teeth (a feature seen in all members of Bryconops, as well as sister clade Iguanodectinae). [5] [6] The origin of the dorsal fin is slightly closer to the caudal fin than to the tip of the snout. [3]

Bryconops cyrtogaster bears several morphological similarities to other members of the genus. It shares the presence of a single humeral patch with congeners Bryconops humeralis , Bryconops vibex , and Bryconops marabaixo , but can be differentiated from the former two by a deeper body and a humeral spot located slightly farther back on the body. B. marabaixo has fewer predorsal scales and a shorter maxillary than B. cyrtogaster. Overall, B. cyrtogaster bears the greatest similarity to B. marabaixo, Bryconops inpai , and Bryconops munduruku . [5]

Until 2020, Bryconops cyrtogaster was generally poorly studied, but received a redescription by Silva-Oliveira et al. in June of that year. [5] The same study that cemented its characteristics also named similar congener B. marabaixo.

Taxonomy

When first described by English ichthyologist John Roxborough Norman in 1926, Bryconops cyrtogaster was listed under the original name Creatochanes cyrtogaster, and has undergone several classification changes since. [4] [7] Knöppel et al. identified Bryconops cyrtogaster as a subspecies of Bryconops melanurus in 1968, dubbing it Bryconops (Creatochanes) melanurus cyrtogaster. [8] Chernoff et al. further simplified this designation, considering B. cyrtogaster a synonym of B. melanurus. [9] Finally, Silva-Oliveira et al. considered Bryconops cyrtogaster an independent species in 2018. [10]

Though its taxonomy has since been studied more closely and subsequently changed, Norman's original placement for Bryconops cyrtogaster retains an element of validity. B. cyrtogaster is considered a part of the subgenus Creatochanes, making its full scientific name Bryconops (Creatochanes) cyrtogaster. [5] The specific epithet ""cyrtogaster" means "curved belly", [11] but B. cyrtogaster lacks an accepted common name. [12]

The genus Bryconops as a whole was once considered a member of the family Characidae, but has since been reclassified as a member of the family Iguanodectidae. [13] Some sources, such as Animal Diversity Web and ITIS, still list it under Characidae, [14] [15] but the current accepted standing of Bryconops cyrtogaster is as an Iguanodectid fish. [1] [16] [17]

Habitat and ecology

Bryconops cyrtogaster is only known from the Oyapock river (between French Guiana and Brazil), and this has been the case ever since its discovery. [4] It demonstrates a preference for rocky or sandy substrate, as well as fast-flowing and well-oxygenated water, such as where waterfalls intersect with the current. [1]

Conservation status

Bryconops cyrtogaster has not been evaluated by the IUCN. [1] The Oyapock river is not the subject of extensive development, but has a history of gold mining, which raises the amount of pollutants - specifically mercury - in the water. [18] However, regions of a high flow or with a sandy substrate have a lower mercury content, meaning that B. cyrtogaster's preferred environment shields it from potential mercury toxicity. The Oyapock river's spread of 28000 km2 offers B. cyrtogaster a relatively wide native range, meaning that it is unlikely to be at risk for extinction. [19]

Bryconops cyrtogaster is likely taken from the wild for use in the aquarium industry, but details are sparse. [20]

Related Research Articles

<i>Bryconops</i> Genus of fishes

Bryconops is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae from South America. It consists of small fish, all under half-a-foot long, with slender bodies and silvery scales, though there is some mild color variation. Several species can be identified by way of a humeral patch, and others have a reddish ocellus, or eyespot, on one or both lobes of the dorsal fin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iguanodectidae</span> Family of fish

Iguanodectidae is a family of freshwater fish in the order Characiformes that lives in South America. It is home to the subfamily Iguanodectinae and the monotypic Bryconops clade. Several species in the family, such as the green line lizard tetra, the tailspot tetra, and the orangefin tetra, are sometimes taken as aquarium fish.

<i>Bryconops alburnoides</i> Species of fish

Bryconops alburnoides is a small freshwater fish, approximately 6 inches long at its largest, that lives in the rivers of South America. It has a slender body, with a yellowish dorsal fin and yellow-tinged back scales that fade into silver on its belly. It is largely an insectivore that picks land-dwelling insects from the riverbanks, though it eats much more whenever rain washes prey into the water.

<i>Bryconops colaroja</i> Species of fish

Bryconops colaroja is a small species of fish endemic to tributaries and creeks of the Cuyuni River basin in Venezuela. The specific epithet "colaroja" means "red tailed", and it gets this name from its most distinctive feature - a deep red caudal fin, largely unique amongst members of its genus.

Bryconops durbinae, sometimes listed under the name Bryconops durbini, is a small species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the smallest species of the genus Bryconops, and is endemic to the Tapajós river basin in Brazil.

<i>Bryconops giacopinii</i> Species of fish

Bryconops giacopinii is a mid-sized species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the largest member of the genus Bryconops, and is therefore difficult to confuse with any of its congeners. With a diet that consists largely of land-dwelling insects, it serves as an important link between the terrestrial and aquatic aspects of its native range.

<i>Bryconops gracilis</i> Species of fish

Bryconops gracilis is a small species of freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. It is one of multiple species for which the common name "lambari" is used. Though not well-studied, it has been re-described in recent years in order to differentiate it from Bryconops alburnoides, a congener to which it bears a strong resemblance.

Bryconops humeralis is a small freshwater fish distributed across northern South America. The name "humeralis" means "relating to the shoulder", in reference to the distinct humeral patches that the fish sports. It is slightly longer than average in terms of the genus Bryconops, though still firmly within the standard range, and is slightly more slender than is usual for its congeners.

Bryconops inpai is a small freshwater fish native to the rivers of South America. It only lives in two particular river systems - the Casiquiare and Negro - which means that its range is restricted to the northern half of the continent. It has indistinct humeral spots, and is bluish-silver in life, which is unusual for members of Bryconops; they are more often plain silver or greenish-silver.

<i>Bryconops magoi</i> Species of fish

Bryconops magoi is a small species of fish from South America. It is only found in Venezuela, along with sister species Bryconops collettei. Its tail-fin markings help to differentiate it from various congeners, as does its fairly restricted range. It is most closely related to B. collettei and Bryconops caudomaculatus, and it was once considered synonymous with the latter; specimens of B. magoi and B. collettei both were routinely misidentified as B. caudomaculatus before being given species distinction.

<i>Bryconops melanurus</i> Species of fish

Bryconops melanurus, sometimes called the tail-light tetra, is a small species of freshwater fish from South America that primarily preys on insects. It lives in small schools and is an active swimmer, which means that it requires open space in its habitat. Nonetheless, it does not demonstrate a strong preference for any one biotope within its native range.

Bryconops munduruku is a small freshwater fish of the family Iguanodectidae that lives in the rivers of South America. Its adipose fin is black, with a clear base, and it has two humeral spots, which is a feature it shares with few congeners. Its fins are a variety of yellow, red, black, and clear, and mature males have hooks on select fin-rays.

<i>Bryconops tocantinensis</i> Species of fish

Bryconops tocantinensis is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of Brazil. It has yellow-gold scales on its back and white scales on its belly, with a bright-silver stripe marking the divide between the two. It gets the name "tocantinensis" from its endemism to the upper Tocantins basin drainage - specifically, the Conceição River.

Bryconops vibex is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of Venezuela, known solely from the Rio Cataniapo. The body is slender, though with an element of sturdiness, and it has one humeral spot by each pectoral fin. It bears visual similarities to several congeners, but can be differentiated by way of many factors.

Bryconops allisoni is a species of freshwater fish known from the rivers of Brazil. It is a recent addition to the genus (2019), currently considered a member incertae sedis. Its name honors Antonio Machado-Allison, an ichthyologist responsible for a great deal of work on the genus Bryconops.

Bryconops chernoffi is a species of freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of Brazil. Specifically, it is found in the Rio Maicuru and Rio Ipixuna; the latter is a tributary of the former, which is a tributary of the Amazon river main. B. chernoffi demonstrates a preference for clear-water streams with sandy and rocky bottoms.

<i>Bryconops florenceae</i> Species of fish

Bryconops florenceae is a small freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of South America. Comprehensive research is lacking due to B. florenceae being the most recently described of the genus, but researchers believe it to be a relatively widespread species. It is found throughout the Maroni, Mana, and Sinnamary river basins, which defines its range within Suriname and French Guiana.

Bryconops marabaixo is a small freshwater fish from the lower Amazon basin, native to the Rio Jari. It is small and silvery, with a dark-gray back, and its fins are mostly clear, though the caudal fin has a dark stripe on the lower margin of the dorsal lobe, and a spot of red pigment just above that. Like many other members of Bryconops, it has a humeral spot, which is a mark near each pectoral fin.

Bryconops rheoruber is a species of freshwater fish from the rivers of Brazil. Its back scales are tan-to-cream, and its belly is silvery; the divide between the two colors is marked by a broad iridescent-silver stripe. Its fins are a mixture of pale, clear, and reddish, which contributed to its specific name. "Rheo" means "flow" or "current" in Greek, and "ruber" means "red" in Latin.

Bryconops sapezal is a small freshwater fish native to the Rio Tapajós basin of Brazil. It is one of the more recent additions to its genus, described in 2018, and has a name that means "covered in sapê", or thatching. This originates from the Sapezal municipality of Mato Grosso, Brazil, which is type locality of B. sapezal.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops cyrtogaster" in FishBase . May 2022 version.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Bryconops in FishBase . May 2022 version.
  3. 1 2 3 Eigenmann, Carl H.; Meyers, George S. (1917–1929). The American Characidae. Cambridge. pp. 493–499. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Norman, J. R. (1 July 1926). "XI.—Descriptions of nine new freshwater fishes from French Guiana and Brazil". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 18 (103): 91–97. doi:10.1080/00222932608633482 . Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Silva‐Oliveira, Cárlison; Moreira, Cristiano R.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py‐Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (September 2020). "The true identity of Bryconops cyrtogaster ( Norman ), and description of a new species of Bryconops Kner ( Characiformes: Iguanodectidae ) from the Rio Jari , lower Amazon basin". Journal of Fish Biology. 97 (3): 860–868. doi:10.1111/jfb.14445. PMID   32584438. S2CID   220060299 . Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  6. ↑ Vari, Richard P. (26 January 1977). "Notes on the characoid subfamily Iguanodectinae, with a description of a new species". American Museum Novitates (2612). hdl:2246/2012 – via AMNH Digital Repository.
  7. ↑ Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman, 1926) in GBIF Secretariat (2021). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2022-05-03.
  8. ↑ Knöppel, Hans-Armin; Junk, Wolfgang; Géry, Jacques (January 1968). "Bryconops (Creatochanes) inpai, a new characoid fish from the Central Amazon Region, with a review of the genus Bryconops". Amazoniana. 1 (3): 231–246. S2CID   202183505.
  9. ↑ Chernoff, Barry; Machado-Allison, Antonio; Buckup, Paulo; Royero, Ramiro (February 1994). "Systematic Status and Neotype Designation for Autanichthys giacopinii (Fernández-Yépez) with Comments on the Morphology of Bryconops melanurus (Bloch)". Copeia. 1994 (1): 238–242. doi:10.2307/1446694. JSTOR   1446694 . Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  10. ↑ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Bogotá-Gregory, J. D. (8 November 2018). "A new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Maicuru, lower Amazon basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 4514 (3): 372–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.4. PMID   30486203. S2CID   54164187 . Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  11. ↑ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (15 September 2020). "Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  12. ↑ "Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman 1926) Names". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  13. ↑ Oliveira, C., Avelino, G.S., Abe, K.T. et al. ()26 September 2011). Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evol Biol. 11(275). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-275. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  14. ↑ Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Bryconops cyrtogaster Classification". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  15. ↑ "Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman, 1926)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  16. ↑ Rees, Tony (31 December 2011). "IRMNG - Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman, 1926)". International Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  17. ↑ "Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman, 1926)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  18. ↑ Laperche, Valérie; Hellal, Jennifer; Maury-Brachet, Régine; Joseph, Bernard; Laporte, Pierre; Breeze, Dominique; Blanchard, François (26 June 2014). "Regional distribution of mercury in sediments of the main rivers of French Guiana (Amazonian basin)". SpringerPlus. 3 (1): 322. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-322 . PMC   4099412 . PMID   25045610.
  19. ↑ Gallay, Marjorie; Martinez, Jean-Michel; Laraque, Alain; Sarrazin, Max; Doudou, Jean-Claude; Antoine, Gardel; Vantrepotte, Vincent; Chow-Toun, Franck (April 2016). "Effect of gold mining activities on water turbidity and river sediment discharge: comparison of two nearby river basin in French Guiana, using remote sensing and field measurements data". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 18. Bibcode:2016EGUGA..1810699M . Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  20. ↑ Prang, Gregory. (2007). An industry analysis of the freshwater ornamental fishery with particular reference to the supply of Brazilian freshwater ornamentals to the UK market. Uakari. 3. 10.31420/uakari.v3i1.18.
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