Bryconops munduruku

Last updated

Bryconops munduruku
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Iguanodectidae
Genus: Bryconops
Species:
B. munduruku
Binomial name
Bryconops munduruku

Bryconops munduruku is a small freshwater fish of the family Iguanodectidae that lives in the rivers of South America. Its adipose fin is black, with a clear base, and it has two humeral spots, which is a feature it shares with few congeners. Its fins are a variety of yellow, red, black, and clear, and mature males have hooks on select fin-rays.

Contents

Originally cited from the lower Rio Tapajós, B. munduruku's name pays homage to its type locality. Known as the Tapajós-Tapera, a denomination of Munduruku Indians (an indigenous culture of Brazil) formed the settlement that became the municipality from whence B. munduruku was described, Aveiro.

Taxonomy

Bryconops munduruku is considered a member of the subgenus Creatochanes in the genus Bryconops . [1] It has been regarded as such since its description in 2015. [2] It is sometimes listed as a characin, or member of the family Characidae, but a study in 2011 moved the genera Bryconops , Piabucus , and Iguanodectes into a new family, Iguanodectidae. [3]

Bryconops munduruku has retained its original name, and has no known synonyms. [4]

Etymology

The specific epithet of Bryconops munduruku is in reference to its type locality. A group of Munduruku Indians, the Tapajós-Tapera, settled in the place that would eventually become Aveiro, which is the municipality where B. mundukuru was discovered. [5] The genus name "Bryconops" means "resembling Brycon " ("ops" means "appearance"). [6]

Description

Bryconops munduruku is a reddish color above the lateral line, with a light-gray belly. [2] It reaches a length of about 9.6 cm (3.8) at a maximum. [6] The upper regions of the head, jaw, and face are a dark gray color. [7] The eyes are red at the upper margin, and yellow everywhere else. The dorsal fin has a red base half and a hyaline (clear) outer half, which is a pattern shared by the caudal fin. The pectoral and pelvic fins, as well as the first few rays of the anal fin, are yellow. [2]

It has two humeral spots, which is a similarity it shares with congener B. inpai, but B. inpai has a stripe extending from its anal-fin base to its caudal-fin base whereas B. munduruku has a uniform color pattern therein. [8] The adipose fin is black with a clear base, which differentiates B. munduruku from B. inpai and B. piracolina , both of which have entirely black adipose fins. [6] B. piracolina can also be told from B. munduruku because its dorsal fin sports a large black blotch. [4]

Sexual dimorphism

Bryconops munduruku demonstrates sexual dimorphism. In mature males, several rays of the anal, pelvic, and dorsal fins bear hooks or spines that are absent in females. [7] The hooks on the anal fin are larger, while the ones on the dorsal and pelvic fins are more akin to spines. [2] This is a feature not uncommon in Bryconops, also demonstrated by congeners like B. florenceae , [9] B. cyrtogaster , [8] and B. gracilis . [10]

Habitat and ecology

Bryconops munduruku was originally described from a small tributary of the Rio Tapajós in Brazil, the igarapé Açu; this is a location about 10 kilometers from Aveiro, in Brazil's Pará State. [6] Congeners that also live in the Rio Tapajós are B. durbinae , [11] B. gracilis , [12] and B. melanurus . [13] There is evidence to suggest that B. munduruku is an endemic species therein. [14]

With a pH that ranges from 4.5 to 7.8, the Tapajós is a rather acidic clearwater river. [15] B. munduruku in particular was collected from fast-moving water over a sandy riverbed, a specific environment it shares with congener B. giacopinii . [2] Part of the igarapé Açu is within the Tapajós National Forest and is therefore bordered by dense vegetation; [6] this may present a source of food for B. munduruku, though specific dietary needs are not known. (Members of Bryconops tend to either be insectivores that take supplemental plant material or sole herbivores.) [16] [17]

Bryconops munduruku can be found in sympatry with B. giacopinii, Hyphessobrycon agulha , Moenkhausia comma, and various species of Hemigrammus . [4]

Conservation status

Bryconops munduruku has not been evaluated by the IUCN. [6] Nonetheless, its native habitat of the Rio Tapajós is under constant anthropogenic threat, especially in the modern era. Usually, the water is clear, [18] but instances of illegal gold mining have kicked up or added so much sediment that portions of the river turn entirely brown.[ citation needed ] Illegal gold mining is a thriving industry in South America, despite its dangers to both participants and to the environment, [19] [20] and so species like B. munduruku are under greater survival pressure. [21]

The importance of the Rio Tapajós, however, has prompted various plans for infrastructure development and legal mining operations to be reconsidered, which offers B. munduruku a greater chance of survival. [22] This is also positive news for a human population of roughly 1.4 million people. [21]

Related Research Articles

<i>Bryconops</i> Genus of fishes

Bryconops is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae from South America. It consists of small fish, all under half-a-foot long, with slender bodies and silvery scales, though there is some mild color variation. Several species can be identified by way of a humeral patch, and others have a reddish ocellus, or eyespot, on one or both lobes of the dorsal fin.

<i>Bryconops alburnoides</i> Species of fish

Bryconops alburnoides is a small freshwater fish, approximately 6 inches long at its largest, that lives in the rivers of South America. It has a slender body, with a yellowish dorsal fin and yellow-tinged back scales that fade into silver on its belly. It is largely an insectivore that picks land-dwelling insects from the riverbanks, though it eats much more whenever rain washes prey into the water.

<i>Bryconops cyrtogaster</i> Species of fish

Bryconops cyrtogaster is a midsize species of freshwater fish found in the Oyapock river in French Guiana and Brazil. It is overall silver, with an indistinct dark patch at the base of the tail fin that spreads onto the fin rays slightly. Originally described in 1926 under a different baisonym, it was the subject of a redescription in June 2020.

Bryconops durbinae, sometimes listed under the name Bryconops durbini, is a small species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the smallest species of the genus Bryconops, and is endemic to the Tapajós river basin in Brazil.

<i>Bryconops giacopinii</i> Species of fish

Bryconops giacopinii is a mid-sized species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the largest member of the genus Bryconops, and is therefore difficult to confuse with any of its congeners. With a diet that consists largely of land-dwelling insects, it serves as an important link between the terrestrial and aquatic aspects of its native range.

<i>Bryconops gracilis</i> Species of fish

Bryconops gracilis is a small species of freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. It is one of multiple species for which the common name "lambari" is used. Though not well-studied, it has been re-described in recent years in order to differentiate it from Bryconops alburnoides, a congener to which it bears a strong resemblance.

Bryconops humeralis is a small freshwater fish distributed across northern South America. The name "humeralis" means "relating to the shoulder", in reference to the distinct humeral patches that the fish sports. It is slightly longer than average in terms of the genus Bryconops, though still firmly within the standard range, and is slightly more slender than is usual for its congeners.

Bryconops inpai is a small freshwater fish native to the rivers of South America. It only lives in two particular river systems - the Casiquiare and Negro - which means that its range is restricted to the northern half of the continent. It has indistinct humeral spots, and is bluish-silver in life, which is unusual for members of Bryconops; they are more often plain silver or greenish-silver.

<i>Bryconops melanurus</i> Species of fish

Bryconops melanurus, sometimes called the tail-light tetra, is a small species of freshwater fish from South America that primarily preys on insects. It lives in small schools and is an active swimmer, which means that it requires open space in its habitat. Nonetheless, it does not demonstrate a strong preference for any one biotope within its native range.

<i>Bryconops piracolina</i> Species of fish

Bryconops piracolina is a small fish that inhabits the waters of Brazil. It is slender and silvery in color, like many fish in Bryconops, but can be distinguished from other members by way of its dorsal fin, which has a black patch of color extending up from the fin-base; congeners usually have light pigment in the dorsal fin, or a brighter color.

<i>Bryconops tocantinensis</i> Species of fish

Bryconops tocantinensis is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of Brazil. It has yellow-gold scales on its back and white scales on its belly, with a bright-silver stripe marking the divide between the two. It gets the name "tocantinensis" from its endemism to the upper Tocantins basin drainage - specifically, the Conceição River.

<i>Bryconops transitoria</i> Species of fish

Bryconops transitoria is a small freshwater fish that lives in the rivers of South America. It is a poorly-studied member of the genus Bryconops with few records and vague distribution accounts, though it is believed to be endemic to the Rio Tapajós. It was originally thought to be a subspecies of congener Bryconops melanurus, but is now accepted as its own species.

Bryconops vibex is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of Venezuela, known solely from the Rio Cataniapo. The body is slender, though with an element of sturdiness, and it has one humeral spot by each pectoral fin. It bears visual similarities to several congeners, but can be differentiated by way of many factors.

Bryconops allisoni is a species of freshwater fish known from the rivers of Brazil. It is a recent addition to the genus (2019), currently considered a member incertae sedis. Its name honors Antonio Machado-Allison, an ichthyologist responsible for a great deal of work on the genus Bryconops.

Bryconops chernoffi is a species of freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of Brazil. Specifically, it is found in the Rio Maicuru and Rio Ipixuna; the latter is a tributary of the former, which is a tributary of the Amazon river main. B. chernoffi demonstrates a preference for clear-water streams with sandy and rocky bottoms.

<i>Bryconops florenceae</i> Species of fish

Bryconops florenceae is a small freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of South America. Comprehensive research is lacking due to B. florenceae being the most recently described of the genus, but researchers believe it to be a relatively widespread species. It is found throughout the Maroni, Mana, and Sinnamary river basins, which defines its range within Suriname and French Guiana.

Bryconops hexalepis is a small iguanodectid fish from the rivers of Brazil. It is solely found in the drainage of the Rio Tocantins. Rather elongate and quite slender, it is considered one of the smaller species of its genus, with tall scales and large eyes.

Bryconops marabaixo is a small freshwater fish from the lower Amazon basin, native to the Rio Jari. It is small and silvery, with a dark-gray back, and its fins are mostly clear, though the caudal fin has a dark stripe on the lower margin of the dorsal lobe, and a spot of red pigment just above that. Like many other members of Bryconops, it has a humeral spot, which is a mark near each pectoral fin.

Bryconops rheoruber is a species of freshwater fish from the rivers of Brazil. Its back scales are tan-to-cream, and its belly is silvery; the divide between the two colors is marked by a broad iridescent-silver stripe. Its fins are a mixture of pale, clear, and reddish, which contributed to its specific name. "Rheo" means "flow" or "current" in Greek, and "ruber" means "red" in Latin.

Bryconops sapezal is a small freshwater fish native to the Rio Tapajós basin of Brazil. It is one of the more recent additions to its genus, described in 2018, and has a name that means "covered in sapê", or thatching. This originates from the Sapezal municipality of Mato Grosso, Brazil, which is type locality of B. sapezal.

References

  1. ↑ "Bryconops sapezal, Wingert & Chuctaya & Malabarba, 2018". Plazi TreatmentBank. Plazi. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Canto, André Luiz C.; Ribeiro, Frank Raynner V. (30 July 2015). "Bryconops munduruku (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species of fish from the lower Tapajós River basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 3994 (1): 133–141. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3994.1.7. PMID   26250264 – via Biotaxa.
  3. ↑ Oliveira, Claudio; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Benine, Ricardo C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard P.; Corrêa e Castro, Ricardo M. (December 2011). "Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 275. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-275 . PMC   3190395 . PMID   21943181. S2CID   974820.
  4. 1 2 3 "Bryconops munduruku". Global Biodiversity Information Facility .
  5. ↑ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (15 September 2020). "Order CHARACIFORMES: Families IGUANODECTIDAE, TRIPORTHEIDAE, BRYCONIDAE, CHALCEIDAE and GASTEROPELECIDAE". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops munduruku" in FishBase . November 2022 version.
  7. 1 2 "Bryconops munduruku, Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison, Canto, André Luiz C. & Ribeiro, Frank Raynner V., 2015". Plazi TreatmentBank. Plazi. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  8. 1 2 Silva‐Oliveira, Cárlison; Moreira, Cristiano R.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py‐Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (September 2020). "The true identity of Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman), and description of a new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Jari, lower Amazon basin". Journal of Fish Biology. 97 (3): 860–868. doi:10.1111/jfb.14445. PMID   32584438. S2CID   220060299 . Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  9. ↑ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (13 December 2021). "A new species of Bryconops (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from Atlantic coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4). doi: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0113 . ISSN   1679-6225. S2CID   245224953.
  10. ↑ Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (13 December 2021). "Rediscovering species: redescription of Bryconops gracilis (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae), an often-misidentified species". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4). doi: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0054 . S2CID   245251694.
  11. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops durbinae" in FishBase . November 2022 version.
  12. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops gracilis" in FishBase . November 2022 version.
  13. ↑ Guimarães, Karen Larissa Auzier; de Sousa, Marcos Paulo Alho; Ribeiro, Frank Raynner Vasconcelos; Porto, Jorge Ivan Rebelo; Rodrigues, Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro (21 December 2018). "DNA barcoding of fish fauna from low order streams of Tapajós River basin". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209430. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309430G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209430 . PMC   6303048 . PMID   30576366.
  14. ↑ de Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison (7 October 2021). "Quantas espécies de peixes existem na bacia amazônica?". Conexões Amazônicas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  15. ↑ Petry, Paulo; Hales, Jennifer. "Tapajos - Juruena". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  16. ↑ Echevarría, Gabriela; González, Nirson (November 2018). "Fish taxonomic and functional diversity in mesohabitats of the River Kakada, Caura National Park, Venezuela". Nature Conservation Research. 3 (Suppl. 2). doi: 10.24189/ncr.2018.048 . Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  17. ↑ Silva, Cylene C. da; Ferreira, Efrem J. G.; Deus, Cláudia P. de (2008). "Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and B. caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes: Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 6 (2): 237–242. doi: 10.1590/S1679-62252008000200011 . ISSN   1679-6225.
  18. ↑ "Amazon, Tapajós, and Santarém". Earth Observatory. Nasa. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  19. ↑ Klein, David (6 May 2022). "Interpol: Illegal Gold Mining is Devastating Latin America". OCCRP. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  20. ↑ "Illegal Gold Mining". USAID. United States Agency for International Development. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  21. 1 2 "The Tapajos River: Hope for Sustainable Development". The Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  22. ↑ Bradford, Sue (26 August 2016). "Planned Tapajós industrial waterway a potential environmental disaster". Mongabay News. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.