Bryconops

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Bryconops
Bryconops cf caudomaculatus.jpg
Bryconops caudomaculatus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Iguanodectidae
Genus: Bryconops
Kner, 1858
Type species
Bryconops alburnoides
Kner, 1858

Bryconops is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae from South America. It consists of small fish, all under half-a-foot long, with slender bodies and silvery scales, though there is some mild color variation. Several species can be identified by way of a humeral patch (a mark near the pectoral fin), and others have a reddish ocellus, or eyespot, on one or both lobes of the dorsal fin.

Contents

Many Bryconops prefer clearwater environments with a strong current, though some are partial to slow-moving blackwater, and several are endemic to their locale. The majority of species are from Brazil or Venezuela. Rivers and river basins that house species of Bryconops include the Tapajos, Orinoco, Tocantins, Negro, and Madeira.

Few species of Bryconops have been evaluated as far as conservation status, but most of them are believed to be low-risk species. The greatest threats to population levels come almost entirely in the form of anthropogenic hazards, including mining, dam construction, farmland settlement, and destruction of the riparian zone. Nonetheless, several species are found in areas of protected forest, which decreases some of the survival pressure.

Description

Captured specimens of Bryconops giacopinii Bryconops giacopinii.png
Captured specimens of Bryconops giacopinii

Members of Bryconops are fairly small, reaching just under half a foot at a maximum. [1] B. durbinae , the smallest, reaches 3.1 cm SL (standard length, without the tail fin included), and B. giacopinii , the largest, reaches 18 cm TL (total length, with the tail fin included). [2] [3] They are slender, somewhat compressed and elongate, described as "spindle-shaped". [4] The mouth is often terminal. Certain morphological consistencies within the genus have contributed to its accepted status as a monophyletic clade, [5] though said monophyly remains somewhat unclear, and is largely based on shared physical traits. [6]

Bryconops are most often silver or some shade therein, sometimes with a darker back and/or a greenish tint. [7] Only three species - B. inpai , [8] B. marabaixo , [5] and B. sapezal [9] - have a hint of blue in their scales. There is great variety in fin coloration, though they are most often some blend of hyaline, red, and dusky-gray; some species, like B. caudomaculatus (the tailspot tetra) bear an ocellus, or eyespot, on the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. [10] Other species, like B. affinis , have an ocellus on both lobes, nearly symmetrical. [7] The only two species to have a dark dorsal fin are B. chernoffi and B. piracolina . [11] It is uncommon, but not unheard of, for members of Bryconops to have a humeral mark, which is a spot of pigment near the dorsal fin (occasionally two spots). [5]

The scales are cycloid, usually taller than they are wide. [6] [12] Most members of the genus have fairly well-defined radii on the scales; [5] these are slightly more subdued in B. affinis. [13] The scales of the lateral line are pored, but the number of pored scales varies wildly from species to species, anywhere from 9 to 61. Even within a single species, B. disruptus , the range is from 9 to 23. [14] The pored scales either do or do not extend to the hypural plate, the plate that joins the fish's tail to its body, and this is a feature that can be used to tell species apart (such as B. caudomaculatus, whose pored lateral scales stop at the hypural plate, versus B. magoi and B. collettei , whose pored lateral scales extend 2-3 scales beyond that). [15]

Taxonomy

The three lower fishes in this image are species of Bryconops, though considered species of Creatochanes at the time (1912). From the middle downwards, they are Bryconops affinis, Bryconops melanurus, and Bryconops caudomaculatus. The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands (1912) (14756941976).jpg
The three lower fishes in this image are species of Bryconops, though considered species of Creatochanes at the time (1912). From the middle downwards, they are Bryconops affinis, Bryconops melanurus, and Bryconops caudomaculatus.

Bryconops was long considered to belong to the family Characidae incertae sedis . [16] It is still listed there by some resources, such as ADW and ITIS. [17] [18] Characidae is an enormously varied family, with many genera in a similar position. However, research in 2011 examined morphological and phylogenetic evidence, and prompted taxonomists to move Bryconops to a different family, Iguanodectidae. This was also done to keep Characidae monophyletic. [19]

The genera Piabucus and Iguanodectes are in Iguanodectidae as well, and were also moved based on the 2011 research. Piabucus and Iguanodectes come together to make up a subfamily, Iguanodectinae; Bryconops is considered its own monophyletic clade. [20] The family Iguanodectidae is a revival from some of the works of Carl H. Eigenmann, a prolific German-American ichthyologist. [21]

Bryconops has two subgenera: Bryconops and Creatochanes. The latter was considered its own standalone genus before being synonymized with Bryconops and turned into a subgenus in 1999. [22] Members of Bryconops usually have no teeth to either side of the maxillary, or a single conical tooth on one side. Creatochanes, in contrast, is characterized partially by the presence of 1-3 teeth to both sides of the maxillary. [23] Another difference is in the length of the maxillary bone; in Bryconops, it does not reach the junction of the second and third infraorbital bones, but in Creatochanes it does. [7] A third difference is in the ossification and denticulation of the gill rakers, which is strong in Creatochanes and poor in Bryconops. [24] Creatochanes is the more speciose of the two.

Altogether, there are 27 recognized species in the genus Bryconops. [25] [26] This makes it the largest genus in its family; Iguanodectes has 8, and Piabucus has 3. [27] [28] It continues to grow into the 21st century, with new species having been described as recently as 2019 ( B. hexalepis ), [12] 2020 ( B. marabaixo ), [5] and 2021 ( B. florenceae ). [26]

In alphabetical order, the species are:

History

Upon describing Bryconops alburnoides in 1858, Austrian ichthyologist Rudolf Kner established Bryconops as a new genus. [29] Kner also offered a description of new congener B. lucidum, which has since been synonymized with B. alburnoides. [30] In 1910, German-American ichthyologist Carl H. Eigenmann designated Bryconops alburnoides the type species of the genus. [31] Technically, the earliest member of the genus to be described is Bryconops melanurus , which was originally classified as Salmo melanurus by German naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch in the year 1764. [32] [33]

Etymology

The genus name Bryconops originates from the genus Brycon and the Greek suffix "-ops", which means "appearance" or "resemblance". This is because Kner noted visual similarities between members of the two genera upon description. [34] In turn, the genus name Brycon originates from the Greek "bryko", which means "to bite" or "to devour". [10] Fish of the genus Brycon are equipped with a full set of teeth on their maxillaries, making for an apt name.

Many of the specific names in Bryconops originate with aspects of the species' appearances. For instance, "caudomaculatus" means "tail spot", for the distinct caudal ocellus on B. caudomaculatus. Other epithets originate in specific people, such as B. allisoni (Venezuelan ichthyologist Antonio Machado-Allison), B. chernoffi (American ichthyologist Barry Chernoff), and B. magoi (Francisco Mago-Leccia, considered the pioneer of Venezuelan ichthyology). A few species are named after specific locations, such as B. tocantinensis, which earned its specific epithet from its likely restriction to the upper Tocantins basin. Another example is B. sapezal, from its type locale of the Sapezal municipality in Brazil. Some species names take after cultural or historical significance from the type locality, like B. munduruku, after an indigenous tribe, or B. marabaixo, after a religious and historical festival of the same name. [34]

Habitat and distribution

All members of Bryconops are restricted to the northern half of South America, where they occupy various river basins and tributaries of major rivers. [6] Their distribution is quite wide as a genus, though individual species display some endemism (such as the cases of B. piracolina, restricted to the creek of its namesake, [35] and B. chernoffi, to the Rio Ipixuna). [11] Specific rivers known to host various species of Bryconops include the Tapajós, [6] Orinoco, [36] Negro, [24] Casiquiare, [37] and Madeira. [35]

Members of Bryconops have varying preferences when it comes to specific environments, though they generally fall into one of two categories - those that inhabit blackwater, and those that inhabit fast-moving clearwater. Examples of the former include B. disruptus, [38] B. humeralis, [39] and B. colaroja. [40] Examples of the latter include B. rheoruber, [24] B. sapezal, [41] and B. florenceae. Several members are found in both environments despite the contrast, such as B. collettei [42] and B. caudomaculatus. [43]

The lattermost species, B. caudomaculatus, demonstrates varying body composition based upon where it lives (a fast-moving creek versus a still lagoon). Examination based upon physical aspects can correctly classify at least 75% of any given specimens' habitats. More of the body weight is shifted backwards for tailspot tetras that live in lagoon habitats, and the mouth is slightly more upturned for channel-dwelling tetras. [44] It is unknown if similar morphology changes affect other members of the genus.

Ecology and diet

Captured specimen of Bryconops alburnoides Bryconops alburnoides.jpg
Captured specimen of Bryconops alburnoides

Species of Bryconops are known to live peacefully amongst other species of fish, [45] [46] as well as syntopically with other members of Bryconops. [47] They frequently form schools midstream regardless of species. [48] [49] The exception to this may be B. caudomaculatus, which has a reputation for being "quarrelsome", though it does spawn in schools. [10]

Not only are members of Bryconops a food source for larger fish, but they are also notably preyed upon by parasites. In 2011, B. caudomaculatus was discovered to be the host for a new species of trematode (parasitic flatworm), Auriculostoma foliaceum (which is currently accepted as Creptotrema foliaceum). [50] [51] B. affinis is frequently subject to infestation by gill parasites of the genus Jainus (not to be confused with the sawfly genus Janus ). [52] [53]

Reproduction

Little is known of general reproduction habits for Bryconops, but there is limited research on species-specific behaviors. For instance, B. caudomaculatus is known to spawn in schools during monsoon season. [10] B. affinis is a batch spawner, releasing batches of eggs in a gradual manner as opposed to all at once, [54] and the eggs are adhesive, though this is not the result of an additional substance secreted alongside them; [55] [56] a layer of the outer membrane of the egg, called the zona pediculla, displays specialized microscopic structural aspects during formation that play a role. [57] It prefers to spawn in schools, hidden between plants. [58]

Diet

Many members of Bryconops are invertivores, largely with a preference for terrestrial insects. For instance, B. inpai and B. magoi both live in areas with dense riparian vegetation, which means that insects frequently fall into the water from above, generating a consistent food source. [48] [59] B. alburnoides picks insects from the riverbanks, though it does take advantage of wind or rain that sweep food into the water. [60] B. caudomaculatus eats the aquatic larval forms of its prey, [61] but will also actively leap from the water to target flying insects, especially during twilight hours. [62]

Though largely invertivores, several members of Bryconops are omnivores that take supplemental plant material, like B. inpai and B. affinis. [8] [58] B. caudomaculatus is known to eat plants as well, and includes smaller fish in its diet. [10] B. collettei is thought to be an herbivore. [63]

Conservation status

Though not all members have been evaluated, members of Bryconops are largely thought to be of least concern or near threatened by the IUCN. Almost all threats come in the form of environmental anthropogenic hazards, including farmland settlement, illegal mining, dam construction, and riparian zone destruction. [64]

Species in the Rio Tapajós in particular are under greater survival pressure due to environmental disturbance as a result of illegal mining. The illegal mining sector is enormous in Latin America as a whole, despite its risks to both participants and the environment, [65] and can have disastrous results, such as mercury poisoning affecting the people and wildlife involved. [66] At one point, there was such heavy sediment disturbance and deposition that entire portions of the Tapajós turned entirely brown.[ citation needed ] The Tapajós is also often targeted for infrastructure development, though considerations have been taken in recent times in the context of environmental preservation. [67]

Species from the Tocantins basin are largely pressured by the construction of hydroelectric dams, which greatly alter the flow of water and present new environmental hazards. [68] [69] This is also the case for species native to the Xingu, which is home to the world's third-largest hydroelectric dam, the Belo Monte dam. [70] Some species are adaptable, and can survive in the subsequent altered environments. [26] [71]

Destruction and disturbance of the riparian zone (the interface between water and land) is another factor that could trouble various species of Bryconops. Deforestation and logging have a negative impact, removing food sources and shelter from the elements. [72] Settlement of the surrounding land for use in farms causes a marked decrease in water quality, including factors like pesticide use and fecal contamination. [73]

Presence in aquaria

Data is limited, as species of Bryconops are not in particularly high demand from aquarists, but several species have a presence in the fish-keeping community, and are known to be deported from their native habitats for use therein.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iguanodectidae</span> Family of fish

Iguanodectidae is a family of freshwater fish in the order Characiformes that lives in South America. It is home to the subfamily Iguanodectinae and the monotypic Bryconops clade. Several species in the family, such as the green line lizard tetra, the tailspot tetra, and the orangefin tetra, are sometimes taken as aquarium fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orangefin tetra</span> Species of fish

The orangefin tetra is a small species of freshwater fish from South America that belongs to the family Iguanodectidae. Though common in its native range, it seems to prefer fast-flowing and shallow creeks. It is an active swimmer that feeds on plant material and various invertebrates, sometimes jumping out of the water to catch prey above the surface.

<i>Bryconops alburnoides</i> Species of fish

Bryconops alburnoides is a small freshwater fish, approximately 6 inches long at its largest, that lives in the rivers of South America. It has a slender body, with a yellowish dorsal fin and yellow-tinged back scales that fade into silver on its belly. It is largely an insectivore that picks land-dwelling insects from the riverbanks, though it eats much more whenever rain washes prey into the water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tailspot tetra</span> Species of fish

The tailspot tetra is a freshwater fish that lives in the coastal river regions of upper South America. Both its common and scientific names reference the distinct spot of color present on the tail fin, which is one of its defining characteristics. It is a small fish, reaching 4.8 in at its longest. Despite its small size, it is an active swimmer, with a preference for fast-flowing waters.

Bryconops colanegra is a small, slender-bodied species of freshwater fish from South America, about 3.5 in long. It has a black tail fin that bears hints of red, and its scales are dark along the back, transitioning to a silver belly. It is endemic to a single river system in Venezuela, the Rio Caroní.

<i>Bryconops colaroja</i> Species of fish

Bryconops colaroja is a small species of fish endemic to tributaries and creeks of the Cuyuni River basin in Venezuela. The specific epithet "colaroja" means "red tailed", and it gets this name from its most distinctive feature - a deep red caudal fin, largely unique amongst members of its genus.

<i>Bryconops collettei</i> Species of fish

Bryconops collettei is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. It is mostly silvery, with notable green iridescence on its sides, and a diffuse ocellus (eyespot) on the upper lobe of the caudal fin. Before its distinction as a separate species, specimens of B. collettei were misidentified as specimens of Bryconops caudomaculatus due to several morphological similarities, including a caudal ocellus and generally similar fin coloration.

Bryconops durbinae, sometimes listed under the name Bryconops durbini, is a small species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the smallest species of the genus Bryconops, and is endemic to the Tapajós river basin in Brazil.

<i>Bryconops giacopinii</i> Species of fish

Bryconops giacopinii is a mid-sized species of freshwater fish in the family Iguanodectidae. It is the largest member of the genus Bryconops, and is therefore difficult to confuse with any of its congeners. With a diet that consists largely of land-dwelling insects, it serves as an important link between the terrestrial and aquatic aspects of its native range.

<i>Bryconops gracilis</i> Species of fish

Bryconops gracilis is a small species of freshwater fish from the rivers of South America. It is one of multiple species for which the common name "lambari" is used. Though not well-studied, it has been re-described in recent years in order to differentiate it from Bryconops alburnoides, a congener to which it bears a strong resemblance.

Bryconops humeralis is a small freshwater fish distributed across northern South America. The name "humeralis" means "relating to the shoulder", in reference to the distinct humeral patches that the fish sports. It is slightly longer than average in terms of the genus Bryconops, though still firmly within the standard range, and is slightly more slender than is usual for its congeners.

Bryconops inpai is a small freshwater fish native to the rivers of South America. It only lives in two particular river systems - the Casiquiare and Negro - which means that its range is restricted to the northern half of the continent. It has indistinct humeral spots, and is bluish-silver in life, which is unusual for members of Bryconops; they are more often plain silver or greenish-silver.

<i>Bryconops melanurus</i> Species of fish

Bryconops melanurus, sometimes called the tail-light tetra, is a small species of freshwater fish from South America that primarily preys on insects. It lives in small schools and is an active swimmer, which means that it requires open space in its habitat. Nonetheless, it does not demonstrate a strong preference for any one biotope within its native range.

Bryconops munduruku is a small freshwater fish of the family Iguanodectidae that lives in the rivers of South America. Its adipose fin is black, with a clear base, and it has two humeral spots, which is a feature it shares with few congeners. Its fins are a variety of yellow, red, black, and clear, and mature males have hooks on select fin-rays.

<i>Bryconops piracolina</i> Species of fish

Bryconops piracolina is a small fish that inhabits the waters of Brazil. It is slender and silvery in color, like many fish in Bryconops, but can be distinguished from other members by way of its dorsal fin, which has a black patch of color extending up from the fin-base; congeners usually have light pigment in the dorsal fin, or a brighter color.

Bryconops vibex is a small freshwater fish from the rivers of Venezuela, known solely from the Rio Cataniapo. The body is slender, though with an element of sturdiness, and it has one humeral spot by each pectoral fin. It bears visual similarities to several congeners, but can be differentiated by way of many factors.

Bryconops allisoni is a species of freshwater fish known from the rivers of Brazil. It is a recent addition to the genus (2019), currently considered a member incertae sedis. Its name honors Antonio Machado-Allison, an ichthyologist responsible for a great deal of work on the genus Bryconops.

Bryconops chernoffi is a species of freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of Brazil. Specifically, it is found in the Rio Maicuru and Rio Ipixuna; the latter is a tributary of the former, which is a tributary of the Amazon river main. B. chernoffi demonstrates a preference for clear-water streams with sandy and rocky bottoms.

<i>Bryconops florenceae</i> Species of fish

Bryconops florenceae is a small freshwater fish that inhabits the rivers of South America. Comprehensive research is lacking due to B. florenceae being the most recently described of the genus, but researchers believe it to be a relatively widespread species. It is found throughout the Maroni, Mana, and Sinnamary river basins, which defines its range within Suriname and French Guiana.

Bryconops sapezal is a small freshwater fish native to the Rio Tapajós basin of Brazil. It is one of the more recent additions to its genus, described in 2018, and has a name that means "covered in sapê", or thatching. This originates from the Sapezal municipality of Mato Grosso, Brazil, which is type locality of B. sapezal.

References

  1. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Bryconops in FishBase . March 2022 version.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops giacopinii" in FishBase . February 2022 version.
  3. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops durbinae" in FishBase . February 2022 version.
  4. ↑ "THE FISH FAMILIES". Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas, edited by Peter van der Sleen and James S. Albert, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017, pp. 95-96. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400888801-009
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Silva‐Oliveira, Cárlison; Moreira, Cristiano R.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py‐Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (September 2020). "The true identity of Bryconops cyrtogaster (Norman), and description of a new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Jari, lower Amazon basin". Journal of Fish Biology. 97 (3): 860–868. doi:10.1111/jfb.14445. PMID   32584438. S2CID   220060299.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia Rapp (13 December 2021). "Rediscovering species: redescription of Bryconops gracilis (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae), an often-misidentified species". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4). doi: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0054 . S2CID   245251694 . Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Chernoff, Barry; Machado-Allison, Antonio (31 December 2005). "Bryconops". doi:10.5281/zenodo.6265593.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. 1 2 Knöppel, Hans-armin; Junk, Wolfgang; Géry, Jacques (January 1968). "Bryconops (Creatochanes) Inpai, A New Characoid Fish From The Central Amazon Region, With A Review Of The Genus Bryconops". Amazoniana. 1 (3): 231–246. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  9. ↑ "Bryconops sapezal, Wingert & Chuctaya & Malabarba, 2018". Plazi TreatmentBank. Plazi. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Bryconops caudomaculatus" in FishBase . April 2022 version.
  11. 1 2 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Lima, Flávio C. T.; Bogotá-Gregory, J. D. (November 2018). "A new species of Bryconops Kner (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from the Rio Maicuru, lower Amazon basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 4514 (3): 372–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4514.3.4. PMID   30486203. S2CID   54164187 . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  12. 1 2 Guedes, Tharles L. O.; Oliveira, Everton F.; Lucinda, Paulo H. F. (16 October 2019). "Bryconops hexalepis (Teleostei: Characidae), a new species from the rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 1115: 1–7. doi:10.23788/IEF-1115 . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  13. ↑ Cockerell, Theodore D. A. (September 1914). "The scales of the South American Characinid fishes". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 9 (1–2): 103. doi: 10.5962/p.331043 . S2CID   251481912 . Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  14. ↑ Guedes, Tharles L. O.; Oliveira, Everton F.; Lucinda, Paulo H. F. (14 March 2016). "A new species of Bryconops (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 14 (2). doi: 10.1590/1982-0224-20150176 . Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  15. ↑ "Bryconops magoi, Barry Chernoff & Antonio Machado-Allison, 2005". Plazi TreatmentBank. Plazi. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  16. ↑ Reis, Roberto E.; Kullander, Sven O.; Ferraris, Jr., Carl J. (2003). Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs. p. 120. ISBN   85-7430-361-5 . Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  17. ↑ Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Bryconops Classification". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  18. ↑ "ITIS - Report: Bryconops". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  19. ↑ Oliveira, Claudio; Avelino, Gleisy S.; Abe, Kelly T.; Mariguela, Tatiane C.; Benine, Ricardo C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard P.; Corrêa e Castro, Ricardo M. (December 2011). "Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 275. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-275 . PMC   3190395 . PMID   21943181. S2CID   974820.
  20. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Iguanodectidae Eigenmann, 1909". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  21. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2022). "Iguanodectidae" in FishBase . March 2022 version.
  22. ↑ Lucinda, Paulo H. F.; Guedes, Tharles L. O. (2 May 2018). "Taxonomic status of the South American characid fish Creatochanes melanurus transitorius Steindachner, 1915 (Teleostei: Characidae)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters (IEF-1057): 1–3. doi:10.23788/IEF-1057 . Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  23. ↑ Chernoff, Barry; Machado-Allison, Antonio (13 December 2005). "Bryconops magoi and Bryconops collettei (Characiformes: Characidae), two new freshwater fish species from Venezuela, with comments on B. caudomaculatus (Günther)". Zootaxa. 1094 (1): 23. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1094.1.1. ISSN   1175-5334 – via Biotaxa.
  24. 1 2 3 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Sabaj, Mark Henry; Ota, Rafaela Priscila; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (6 June 2019). "Bryconops rheorubrum (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae), new species from the Rio Xingu Rapids, Brazil". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 166 (1): 1. doi:10.1635/053.166.0115. S2CID   210640024 . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  25. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Bryconops Kner, 1858". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Silva-Oliveira, Cárlison; Ota, Rafaela P.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Py-Daniel, Lúcia H. Rapp (13 December 2021). "A new species of Bryconops (Characiformes: Iguanodectidae) from Atlantic coastal drainages of Suriname and French Guiana". Neotropical Ichthyology. 19 (4). doi: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0113 . S2CID   245224953 . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  27. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Iguanodectes in FishBase . February 2022 version.
  28. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). Species of Piabucus in FishBase . February 2022 version.
  29. ↑ Kner, Rudolf I. (1858). "Beiträge zur Familie der Characinen". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe (in German). 30 (8): 75–80. OCLC   5882505 . Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  30. ↑ "Bryconops lucidus Kner, 1858 - Ocean Biodiversity Information System". Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  31. ↑ Eigenmann, Carl H. (1910). Catalogue and bibliography of the fresh water fishes of the Americas south of the Tropic of Cancer. Lancaster, Pa.: Press of the New Era Printing Co. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.11953.
  32. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Bryconops melanurus (Bloch, 1794)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  33. ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Salmo melanurus Bloch, 1794". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
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  36. ↑ Machado Allison, Antonio; Chernoff, Barry; Buckup, Paulo (1996). "Bryconops humeralis y B.vibex, dos nuevas especies del genero bryconops kner (1858) para Venezuela". Acta Biologica Venezuela (in Spanish). 16 (2): 45–58. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
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