C1QTNF5

Last updated

Protein Summary

C1QTNF5
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases C1QTNF5 , CTRP5, C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5, C1q and TNF related 5, MFRP
External IDs OMIM: 608752 MGI: 2385958 HomoloGene: 9227 GeneCards: C1QTNF5
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_015645
NM_001278431

NM_001040631
NM_001040632
NM_001190313
NM_001190319
NM_145613

Contents

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001265360
NP_056460

Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 119.34 – 119.34 Mb Chr 9: 44.02 – 44.02 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5, also known as C1QTNF5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C1QTNF5 gene , associated with late-onset retinal degeneration( otherwise known as L-ORD). [5] [6] [7] The C1QTNF5 gene secreted and membrane-linked to a protein which is strongly expressed in retinal pigment epithelium cells. [8] [9] [10]

Function

The CTRP5 protein is a member of the C1q / tumor necrosis factor superfamily, which shows diverse functions including cell adhesion and as components of the basement membrane. [11]

Clinical significance

A mutation in the C1QTNF5 gene causes late-onset retinal degeneration. [7] More specifically, a single missense mutation (S163R) in the encoded C1QTNF5 protein causes the Late-onset retinal degeneration disease(L-ORD). [6]

Retinal degeneration is a genetic disorder that originates from the retina, a thin layer located towards the back part of the eye that senses for light. [5] C1QTNF5 gene associated with L-ORD leads to poor eye sight in dim to dark light which eventually evolves into night blindness known as nyctalopia. [12]

The mutation in the S163R is found in the globular c1q domain. [13] C1q domain binds to ligands throughout the body that help boost immune responses. The C1q protein can distinguish the different types of potential bacteria and virus ligands that can bind to the C1q domain. [14] When there is a mutation in the C1q protein the gobular subunits within the C1q that contain binding cites for immune lignands become halted causing L-ORD which can lead to retinal pigment epithelium failure. [14] Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) helps absorb light through binding to photoreceptors helping to regulate light exposure. [15]

Origin

S163R mutation in the C1QTNF5 protein is an autosomal dominant disorder that is genetically inherited by one parent being a carrier for the mutation. [16] Those affected do not begin to see symptoms such as (trouble adjusting to dark or dim areas) until their 40's and early 50's, the reason for the delay in S163 mutation in the C1QTNF5 protein is still unknown, hence the name for the eye disorder Late -onset retinal degeneration beginning in a person's late stages of life. [5]

Structure

The structure of C1q and Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Protein 5 (C1QTNF5) which is also called CTRP5 [17] has three essential domains. The first domain is a single peptide which is located in N-terminal, the second domain is a collage domain and the third domain is a globular complement 1q (gC1q) that exists in the C-terminal domain. [9] [18] [19] [8] [20] The single mutation S163R is found in the gC1q domain which is the main reason for Late-onset retinal degeneration disease(L-ORD). [8] [10] [9] [20] C1QTNF5 is a part of the C1q family. However, there is a unique feature of the structure of C1QTNF5 that it does not own a Ca 2+ binding site as other members of the C1q family. [8]

Crystal structure

Crystal structure of C1QTNF5 has been taken by Xiongying and Krzysztof and it has two characteristics. One is that the structure of C1QTNF5 seems not to have a Ca 2+ binding site in order to its stability. Also, it is necessary for the function of the members of the C1q family. Another feature is having an unusual sequence which is (F181, F182, G183, G184, W185, P186) that generate a hydrophobic field. In this area, S163 and F182 build H bond, However, the mutation S163 will make a disruption to the H bond. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macular degeneration</span> Medical condition associated with vision loss

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration, is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field. Early on there are often no symptoms. Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may affect one or both eyes. While it does not result in complete blindness, loss of central vision can make it hard to recognize faces, drive, read, or perform other activities of daily life. Visual hallucinations may also occur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Choroideremia</span> Medical condition

Choroideremia is a rare, X-linked recessive form of hereditary retinal degeneration that affects roughly 1 in 50,000 males. The disease causes a gradual loss of vision, starting with childhood night blindness, followed by peripheral vision loss and progressing to loss of central vision later in life. Progression continues throughout the individual's life, but both the rate of change and the degree of visual loss are variable among those affected, even within the same family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitelliform macular dystrophy</span> Medical condition

Vitelliform macular dystrophy is an irregular autosomal dominant eye disorder which can cause progressive vision loss. This disorder affects the retina, specifically cells in a small area near the center of the retina called the macula. The macula is responsible for sharp central vision, which is needed for detailed tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. The condition is characterized by yellow, slightly elevated, round structures similar to the yolk of an egg.

Stargardt disease is the most common inherited single-gene retinal disease. In terms of the first description of the disease, it follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which has been later linked to bi-allelic ABCA4 gene variants (STGD1). However, there are Stargardt-like diseases with mimicking phenotypes that are referred to as STGD3 and STGD4, and have a autosomal dominant inheritance due to defects with ELOVL4 or PROM1 genes, respectively. It is characterized by macular degeneration that begins in childhood, adolescence or adulthood, resulting in progressive loss of vision.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor (PNR), also known as NR2E3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2E3 gene. PNR is a member of the nuclear receptor super family of intracellular transcription factors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator is a GTPase-binding protein that in humans is encoded by the RPGR gene. The gene is located on the X-chromosome and is commonly associated with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP). In photoreceptor cells, RPGR is localized in the connecting cilium which connects the protein-synthesizing inner segment to the photosensitive outer segment and is involved in the modulation of cargo trafficked between the two segments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ABCA4</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 4, also known as ABCA4 or ABCR, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ABCA4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peripherin 2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peripherin-2 is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the PRPH2 gene. Peripherin-2 is found in the rod and cone cells of the retina of the eye. Defects in this protein result in one form of retinitis pigmentosa, an incurable blindness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bestrophin 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Bestrophin-1 (Best1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BEST1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinoschisin</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Retinoschisin also known as X-linked juvenile retinoschisis protein is a lectin that in humans is encoded by the RS1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EFEMP1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFEMP1 gene.

<i>NRL</i> (gene) Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRL gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CEP290</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP290 gene. CEP290 is located on the Q arm of chromosome 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TULP1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Tubby-related protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TULP1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemicentin 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Hemicentin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMCN1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RDH12</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Retinol dehydrogenase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RDH12 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FSCN2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Fascin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FSCN2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MFRP</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Membrane frizzled-related protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFRP gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinal degeneration (rhodopsin mutation)</span> Retinopathy

Retinal degeneration is a retinopathy which consists in the deterioration of the retina caused by the progressive death of its cells. There are several reasons for retinal degeneration, including artery or vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, R.L.F./R.O.P., or disease. These may present in many different ways such as impaired vision, night blindness, retinal detachment, light sensitivity, tunnel vision, and loss of peripheral vision to total loss of vision. Of the retinal degenerative diseases retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a very important example.

Retinal gene therapy holds a promise in treating different forms of non-inherited and inherited blindness.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000223953 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079592 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. 1 2 3 Lando, Leonardo; Borooah, Shyamanga (2022-09-30). "Late-Onset Retinal Degeneration: Clinical Perspectives". Clinical Ophthalmology. 16: 3225–3246. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S362691. PMC   9531619 . PMID   36204011.
  6. 1 2 Stanton CM, Borooah S, Drake C, Marsh JA, Campbell S, Lennon A, Soares DC, Vallabh NA, Sahni J, Cideciyan AV, Dhillon B, Vitart V, Jacobson SG, Wright AF, Hayward C (September 2017). "Novel pathogenic mutations in C1QTNF5 support a dominant negative disease mechanism in late-onset retinal degeneration". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12147. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712147S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11898-3. PMC   5610255 . PMID   28939808.
  7. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: C1QTNF5 C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5".
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Tu X, Palczewski K (December 2012). "Crystal structure of the globular domain of C1QTNF5: Implications for late-onset retinal macular degeneration". Journal of Structural Biology. 180 (3): 439–46. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2012.07.011. PMC   3496058 . PMID   22892318.
  9. 1 2 3 Stanton CM, Borooah S, Drake C, Marsh JA, Campbell S, Lennon A, Soares DC, Vallabh NA, Sahni J, Cideciyan AV, Dhillon B, Vitart V, Jacobson SG, Wright AF, Hayward C (September 2017). "Novel pathogenic mutations in C1QTNF5 support a dominant negative disease mechanism in late-onset retinal degeneration". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12147. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712147S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11898-3. PMC   5610255 . PMID   28939808.
  10. 1 2 Hayward C, Shu X, Cideciyan AV, Lennon A, Barran P, Zareparsi S, Sawyer L, Hendry G, Dhillon B, Milam AH, Luthert PJ, Swaroop A, Hastie ND, Jacobson SG, Wright AF (October 2003). "Mutation in a short-chain collagen gene, CTRP5, results in extracellular deposit formation in late-onset retinal degeneration: a genetic model for age-related macular degeneration". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 (20): 2657–67. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg289 . PMID   12944416.
  11. Shapiro L, Scherer PE (March 1998). "The crystal structure of a complement-1q family protein suggests an evolutionary link to tumor necrosis factor". Current Biology. 8 (6): 335–8. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70133-2 . PMID   9512423. S2CID   14287212.
  12. Mehra, Divy; Le, Patrick H. (2023), "Physiology, Night Vision", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31424830 , retrieved 2023-04-25
  13. Stanton, Chloe M.; Borooah, Shyamanga; Drake, Camilla; Marsh, Joseph A.; Campbell, Susan; Lennon, Alan; Soares, Dinesh C.; Vallabh, Neeru A.; Sahni, Jayashree; Cideciyan, Artur V.; Dhillon, Baljean; Vitart, Veronique; Jacobson, Samuel G.; Wright, Alan F.; Hayward, Caroline (2017-09-22). "Novel pathogenic mutations in C1QTNF5 support a dominant negative disease mechanism in late-onset retinal degeneration". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 12147. Bibcode:2017NatSR...712147S. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11898-3. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   5610255 . PMID   28939808.
  14. 1 2 Xiong, Xinwei; Li, Chuyi; Zheng, Zhe; Du, Xiaodong (2021-01-13). "Novel globular C1q domain-containing protein (PmC1qDC-1) participates in shell formation and responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns stimulation in Pinctada fucata martensii". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 1105. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80295-0. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   7806589 . PMID   33441832.
  15. Yang, Song; Zhou, Jun; Li, Dengwen (2021-07-28). "Functions and Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: 727870. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727870 . ISSN   1663-9812. PMC   8355697 . PMID   34393803.
  16. Tu, Xiongying; Palczewski, Krzysztof (April 2014). "The macular degeneration-linked C1QTNF5 (S163) mutation causes higher-order structural rearrangements". Journal of Structural Biology. 186 (1): 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2014.02.001. PMC   3993933 . PMID   24531000.
  17. Shu X, Tulloch B, Lennon A, Vlachantoni D, Zhou X, Hayward C, Wright AF (May 2006). "Disease mechanisms in late-onset retinal macular degeneration associated with mutation in C1QTNF5". Human Molecular Genetics. 15 (10): 1680–9. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl091 . PMID   16600989.
  18. Mandal MN, Vasireddy V, Reddy GB, Wang X, Moroi SE, Pattnaik BR, Hughes BA, Heckenlively JR, Hitchcock PF, Jablonski MM, Ayyagari R (December 2006). "CTRP5 is a membrane-associated and secretory protein in the RPE and ciliary body and the S163R mutation of CTRP5 impairs its secretion". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 47 (12): 5505–13. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-0312 . PMID   17122142.
  19. Chavali VR, Khan NW, Cukras CA, Bartsch DU, Jablonski MM, Ayyagari R (May 2011). "A CTRP5 gene S163R mutation knock-in mouse model for late-onset retinal degeneration". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (10): 2000–14. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr080. PMC   3080610 . PMID   21349921.
  20. 1 2 Dinculescu A, Min SH, Dyka FM, Deng WT, Stupay RM, Chiodo V, Smith WC, Hauswirth WW (October 2015). "Pathological Effects of Mutant C1QTNF5 (S163R) Expression in Murine Retinal Pigment Epithelium". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 56 (11): 6971–80. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17166. PMC   4627469 . PMID   26513502.

Further reading