His Worship Camillien Houde | |
---|---|
34th Mayor of Montreal | |
In office 1928–1932 | |
Preceded by | Médéric Martin |
Succeeded by | Fernand Rinfret |
In office 1934–1936 | |
Preceded by | Fernand Rinfret |
Succeeded by | Adhémar Raynault |
In office 1938–1940 | |
Preceded by | Adhémar Raynault |
Succeeded by | Adhémar Raynault |
In office 1944–1954 | |
Preceded by | Adhémar Raynault |
Succeeded by | Jean Drapeau |
Leader of the Conservative Party of Quebec | |
In office 1929–1932 | |
Preceded by | Arthur Sauvé |
Succeeded by | Charles Ernest Gault |
MLA for Montréal–Sainte-Marie | |
In office 1923–1927 | |
Preceded by | Joseph Gauthier |
Succeeded by | Joseph Gauthier |
In office 1928–1931 | |
Preceded by | Joseph Gauthier |
Succeeded by | Gaspard Fauteux |
In office 1939–1944 | |
Preceded by | Candide Rochefort |
Succeeded by | Camille Côté |
Member of Parliament for Papineau | |
In office 1949–1953 | |
Preceded by | Riding created |
Succeeded by | Adrien Meunier |
Personal details | |
Born | Montreal,Quebec,Canada | August 13,1889
Died | September 11,1958 69) Montreal,Quebec,Canada | (aged
Resting place | Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery |
Political party | Conservative Party of Quebec Conservative Party of Canada Independent |
Camillien Houde CBE OStJ (August 13,1889 –September 11,1958) was a Quebec politician,a Member of Parliament,and a four-time mayor of Montreal. He is of the few Canadian politicians to have served at all three levels of government. During World War II,Houde was interned under the War Measures Act for campaigning against conscription.
Houde was born in Montreal on August 13,1889 and died there on September 11,1958. He was nicknamed "l'imprévisible"—the unpredictable. He was the only surviving child of Azade Houde and Josephine Frenette. He is descended from the first Houde ancestor,Louis Houde,who came from Manou,Eure-et-Loir,France to New France in 1647. Louis Houde's son was Louis H. who married Marie Lemay in 1685.
He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Conservative Party for the riding of Montréal–Sainte-Marie in the 1923 election. He was defeated in the 1927 election,but re-elected in a by-election on October 24,1928. He was elected leader of the Conservative Party on July 10,1929,led the party to defeat in the 1931 election,and failed to win a seat in Montréal–Saint-Jacques after vacating his previous seat. He resigned as Conservative leader on September 19,1932.
In 1930,Jews in Montreal expressed anger over antisemitic statements made by Houde. During a speech,an audience member had yelled,"To hell with the Jews!" Houde replied,"Well said. They have a new country and if they won't meet your demands they can go to Palestine,their country." [1]
When George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Montreal on the 1939 royal tour of Canada and were greeted by cheering crowds,Houde turned to the King and said:"You know,Your Majesty,some of this is for you." [2]
He moved to federal politics and lost in a bid for election as a Conservative candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in a 1938 by-election in the Montreal riding of St. Mary. In 1940,he was arrested and charged under the Defence of Canada Regulations. He was imprisoned at Camp Petawawa in Ontario until the end of the war. He ran again in St. Mary,this time as an independent candidate,in the 1945 federal election,but was again defeated. He won a seat as an independent candidate in the riding of Papineau in the 1949 federal election by less than 100 votes. He did not run for re-election in the 1953 election.
Houde became a figure of ridicule in parts of English Canada because of his conduct in opposition to conscription. During the 1949 federal election,the Toronto Star ,which openly supported the Liberal Party,attempted to link the unpopular Houde with George Drew,then leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada even though Houde was running as an independent candidate against an official Progressive Conservative candidate. The Star accused Drew of making a secret pact with Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis to appoint Houde to the Cabinet as Drew's Quebec lieutenant should the Tories win the election. The newspaper's campaign reached its culmination the Saturday before the election with a banner front-page headline reading:
KEEP CANADA BRITISH
DESTROY DREW'S HOUDE
GOD SAVE THE KING
(in later editions, the last line was changed to "VOTE ST. LAURENT"). [3]
Concurrent to his career in provincial and federal politics, Houde was mayor of Montreal from 1928 to 1932, from 1934 to 1936, from 1938 to 1940, and from 1944 to 1954.
In 1939, Houde said that "French-Canadians are Fascists by blood", and stating that if there was a war between Britain and Fascist Italy, he would prefer to side with Italy. [4]
During World War II, Houde campaigned against conscription. On August 2, 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the national registration measure introduced by the federal government. [5] Three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition, and then confined without trial [6] in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario and Ripples, New Brunswick for four years. Upon his release on August 18, 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers, [7] and won back his job as Montreal mayor in 1944's civic election.
After the war, Houde signed a petition protesting Nazi collaborator Jacques de Bernonville's extradition to France. [8]
Houde was made Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1935 [9] and an Officer of the Order of St John in 1953. [10]
On his death in 1958, [11] Camillien Houde was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, Quebec in an Italian marble replica of Napoleon's tomb.
Mayor Houde was a reform-minded mayor in the areas of patronage, unemployment, and organized crime. He was also responsible for some of the major public park improvements in Montreal including the park on Mont Royal with its man-made lake and park facilities. "Camilliennes" were public washrooms built by Houde during the Great Depression. [12]
After his death, Mayor Jean Drapeau named a new road over Mount Royal after Houde, an act many considered ironic, as Houde and many others had long opposed building roads over the city's famous mountain.
Mayor Houde threw a party for the then-new fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous, which was described by Bill W in the book Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age as "probably the first official reception that any A.A. group ever had." [13]
Maurice Le Noblet Duplessis, byname "Le Chef", was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 16th premier of Quebec. A conservative, nationalist, populist, anti-communist, anti-unionist and fervent Catholic, Duplessis and his party, the Union Nationale, dominated provincial politics from the 1920s to the 1950s. With a total of 18 years and 82 days in office, he remains the longest-serving premier in Quebec history.
Jean Drapeau was a Canadian politician who served as mayor of Montreal for 2 non-consecutive terms from 1954 to 1957 and from 1960 to 1986. Major accomplishments of the Drapeau Administration include the development of the Montreal Metro entirely underground mass transit subway system running on 'whisper quiet' rubber wheels, a successful international exposition Expo 67 as well as the construction of a major performing arts centre, the Place des Arts. Drapeau also secured the hosting of the 1976 Summer Olympics and was instrumental in building the Olympic Stadium and then world's tallest inclined tower. Drapeau was responsible for securing a Major League Baseball franchise, with the creation of the Montreal Expos in 1969. Drapeau's main legacy is Montreal's attainment of global status under his administration. He was the longest serving mayor of Montreal.
This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events relating to the province of Quebec, Canada between the Westminster statute and the "Quiet Revolution."
The Bloc populaire canadien, often shortened to the Bloc populaire or the Bloc, was a political party in the Canadian province of Quebec from 1942 to 1947. It was founded on September 8, 1942 by opponents of conscription during the Second World War. The party ran candidates at both federal and provincial levels. In the 1945 federal election, the party made a minor breakthrough by winning two seats in the House of Commons.
The 1944 Quebec general election was held on August 8, 1944 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Union Nationale, led by former premier Maurice Duplessis, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Adélard Godbout. This was the first Quebec provincial election in which women were allowed to vote, having been granted suffrage at the provincial level in 1941.
The 1939 Quebec general election was held on October 25, 1939, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Quebec Liberal Party, led by former premier Adélard Godbout, defeated the incumbent Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis.
The 1931 Quebec general election was held on August 24, 1931, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, was re-elected, defeating the Quebec Conservative Party, led by Camillien Houde.
Charles Ernest Gault was a politician in Quebec, Canada.
Adhémar Raynault was a Canadian politician and a Mayor of Montreal.
The Conservative Party of Quebec was a political party in Quebec, Canada, from 1867 until 1936, when it merged with members of the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale.
Marie Thérèse Casgrain,, née Forget was a French Canadian feminist, reformer, politician and senator. She was a leader in the fight for women's right to vote in the province of Quebec, as well as the first woman to lead a political party in Canada. In her later life she opposed nuclear weapons and was a consumer activist. A strong federalist, one of her last political actions, at age 83, was to intervene on the "No" side in the 1980 Quebec sovereignty referendum.
Gaspard Fauteux, was a Canadian parliamentarian, Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (1945–1949), and the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (1950–1958).
The Union nationale was a conservative and nationalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with Québécois autonomism. It was created during the Great Depression and held power in Quebec from 1936 to 1939, and from 1944 to 1960 and from 1966 to 1970. The party was founded by Maurice Duplessis, who led it until his death in 1959.
Pierre-Joseph-Arthur Cardin, also known as Arthur Cardin was a Canadian politician who quit the cabinet of William Lyon Mackenzie King over the issue of conscription.
Candide Rochefort was a politician Quebec, Canada and a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).
Joseph Gauthier was a politician Quebec, Canada and a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).
Charles Eugène Parent was a Liberal party and Independent Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Quebec City, Quebec and became a lawyer by career.
James Arthur Mathewson was a Canadian politician.
Montréal–Sainte-Marie was a former provincial electoral district in the Montreal region of Quebec, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.