1945 Canadian federal election

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1945 Canadian federal election
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg
  1940 June 11, 1945 1949  

245 seats in the House of Commons
123 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout75.3% [1] (Increase2.svg5.4pp)
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Wm Lyon Mackenzie King (cropped).jpg John Bracken in the Toronto Star, 1947.jpg Major James Coldwell (cropped).jpg
Leader W. L. Mackenzie King John Bracken M. J. Coldwell
Party Liberal Progressive Conservative Co-operative Commonwealth
Leader since August 7, 1919 December 11, 1942 March 22, 1942
Leader's seat Prince Albert (lost re-election) Neepawa Rosetown—Biggar
Last election179398
Seats won1186728
Seat changeDecrease2.svg61Increase2.svg28Increase2.svg20
Popular vote2,086,5451,448,744815,720
Percentage39.78%27.62%15.55%
SwingDecrease2.svg11.54pp Decrease2.svg2.79pp Increase2.svg7.31pp

 Fourth partyFifth partySixth party
  Solon Earl Low (cropped2).jpg Maxime Raymond (cropped).jpg TimBuck (cropped).jpg
Leader Solon Earl Low Maxime Raymond Tim Buck
Party Social Credit Bloc populaire Labor–Progressive 3
Leader since April 6, 1944 February 10, 1943 1929
Leader's seat Peace River Beauharnois—Laprairie Ran in Trinity (lost)
Last election10pre-creation0
Seats won1321
Seat changeIncrease2.svg3Increase2.svg2Increase2.svg1
Popular vote212,220172,765111,892
Percentage4.05%3.29%2.13%
SwingIncrease2.svg1.46pp pre-creationIncrease2.svg1.94pp

Canada 1945 Federal Election.svg

Chambre des Communes 1945.png
The Canadian parliament after the 1945 election

Prime Minister before election

William Lyon Mackenzie King
Liberal

Prime Minister after election

William Lyon Mackenzie King
Liberal

The 1945 Canadian federal election was held on June 11, 1945, to elect members of the House of Commons of the 20th Parliament of Canada. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberal government was re-elected to its third consecutive term, although this time with a minority government as the Liberals fell five seats short of a majority.

Contents

Since 1939, Canada had been fighting in World War II. In May 1945, the war in Europe ended, allowing King to call an election. As the war in Asia was still raging on, King promised a voluntary force to fight in Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of Japan, while Progressive Conservative Party (PC Party) leader John Bracken promised conscription, which was an unpopular proposal and led to the PCs' third consecutive defeat. The Liberals were also re-elected because of their promise to expand welfare programs. However, they lost about a third of their seats; the stark decline in support was partly attributed to their introduction of conscription in 1944, which was unpopular in many parts of Canada. [2] In addition, the democratic socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation made a minor breakthrough while the Social Credit Party made slight gains.

Although the election officially resulted in a minority government, the election of eight "Independent Liberal" MPs, most of whom did not run as official Liberals because of their opposition to conscription, gave the King government an effective working majority in parliament. Most of the Independent Liberal MPs joined (or re-joined) the Liberal caucus following World War II when the conscription issue became moot. As King was defeated in his own riding of Prince Albert, fellow Liberal William MacDiarmid, who was re-elected in the safe seat of Glengarry, resigned so that a by-election could be held, which was subsequently won by King. [3]

Background

In the 1935 election, the Liberal Party led by William Lyon Mackenzie King returned to power (King's Liberals had previously governed Canada from 1921 to 1930) with a landslide majority government. The King government's success in combatting the Great Depression led to their second landslide majority victory in the 1940 election. From 1939 to 1945, the King government's main priority was aiding the Allies in World War II.

In the period leading up to the election, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was rising in popularity. A Gallup poll from September 1943 showed the CCF with a one-point lead over both the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives. Many predicted a major breakthrough for the CCF nationally and the party was expected to win 70 to 100 seats, possibly even enough to form a minority government. In the Saskatchewan provincial election, the CCF won a landslide victory, forming a provincial government for the first time.

In 1942, members of the Conservative Party held the Port Hope Conference, which established several Conservative goals including support for free enterprise and conscription, and more radical policies such as full-employment, low-cost housing, trade union rights, as well as a whole range of social security measures, including a government financed medicare system. Progressive Party Premier of Manitoba John Bracken became the Conservative Party's leader that same year, and changed the party's name to the Progressive Conservative Party as a result of this policy shift. [4]

Campaign

Liberals

A key issue in this election seems to have been electing a stable government. The Liberals urged voters to "Return the Mackenzie King Government", and argued that only the Liberal Party had a "preponderance of members in all nine provinces". Mackenzie King threatened to call a new election if he was not given a majority: "We would have confusion to deal with at a time when the world will be in a very disturbed situation. The war in Europe is over, but unrest in the east is not over."

Social welfare programs were also an issue in the campaign. Another Liberal slogan encouraged voters to "Build a New Social Order" by endorsing the Liberal platform, which included

Progressive Conservatives

The Progressive Conservatives tried to capitalize on the massive mid-campaign victory by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party in the 1945 Ontario provincial election. PC campaign ads exhorted voters to rally behind their party: "Ontario shows! Only Bracken can win!", and suggesting that it would be impossible to form a majority government in the country without a plurality of seats in Ontario, which only the Tories could win.

Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan, was scheduled for late 1945-early 1946. Bracken had promised conscription for the invasion of Japan whereas King had promised to commit one division of volunteers to the planned invasion of Japan. [5] Based on the way that the Japanese had fought the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa it was widely expected that the invasion of the Japanese home islands would be a bloody campaign, and Bracken's promise of conscription for the planned invasion of Japan did much to turn voters against his party. [6]

Despite the party's performance ultimately being their best since R.B. Bennett's government was ousted in a landslide a decade previously, Bracken was widely held responsible for their failure to make a better showing – aside from the conscription issue, many believed that his western populism was a futile approach, and that the Tories could not hope to compete with the CCF and Socreds in the west – and the party grandees immediately began pressuring him to resign in favour of George A. Drew, who had led the Ontario Progressive Conservatives to their provincial election victory; Bracken would eventually do so in 1948.

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

Campaigning under the slogan, "Work, Security, and Freedom for All – with the CCF", the CCF promised to retain war-time taxes on high incomes and excess profits in order to fund social services, and to abolish the Senate of Canada. The CCF fought hard to prevent the support of labour from going to the Labor-Progressive Party (i.e., the Communist Party of Canada).

The LPP, for its part, pointed out that the CCF's refusal to enter into an electoral pact with the LPP had cost the CCF 100,000 votes in the Ontario election, and had given victory to the Ontario PCs. It urged voters to "Make Labour a Partner in Government."

Social Credit

The Social Credit Party of Canada tried, with modest success, to capitalize on the positive image of the Alberta Socred government of William Aberhart, asking voters, "Good Government in Alberta -- Why Not at Ottawa?". Referring to social credit monetary theories, the party encouraged voters to "Vote for the National Dividend".

National results

1945 Canadian parliament.svg
PartyParty leader# of
candidates
SeatsPopular vote
1940 Elected% Change#% pp Change
  Liberal W. L. Mackenzie King 236177118-33.9%2,086,54539.78%-11.54
  Progressive Conservative 1 John Bracken 2033966+66.7%1,448,74427.62%-2.79
  Co-operative Commonwealth M. J. Coldwell 205828+250%815,72015.55%+7.31
Social Credit 2 Solon Earl Low 931013+30.0%212,2204.05%+1.46
 Independent Liberal2028+300%93,7911.79%-1.40
 Independent6416+500%256,3814.89%+3.65
Bloc populaire Maxime Raymond 35*2*172,7653.29%*
Labor–Progressive 3 Tim Buck 68-1 111,8922.13%+1.94
 Independent PC8*1*14,5410.28%*
 Independent CCF42*1*6,4020.12%*
Liberal–Progressive  131-66.7%6,1470.12%-0.48
 National Government5 1 - 4,8720.09% 
  Trades Union  1*-*4,6790.09%*
  Farmer-Labour  2---3,6200.07%-0.11
 Independent Conservative1---100%2,6530.05%-0.18
  Democratic W.R.N. Smith 5*-*2,6030.05%*
  Union of Electors  1*-*5960.01%*
  Socialist Labour  2*-*4590.01%*
Labour  1---4230.01%-0.07
  Liberal-Labour  1*-*3450.01%*
 Independent Labour1*-*241x*
 Unknown1---70xx
Total952245245-5,245,709100% 
Sources: http://www.elections.ca -- History of Federal Ridings since 1867

Notes:

* The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote.

1 1945 Progressive Conservative vote compared to 1940 National Government + Conservative vote.

2 1945 Social Credit vote compared to 1940 New Democracy + Social Credit vote.

3 1945 Labor-Progressive vote compared to 1940 Communist vote.

4 The successful "Independent CCF" candidate ran as a People's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation candidate.

5 One Progressive Conservative candidate ran under the "National Government" label that the party had used in the 1940 election.

Vote and seat summaries

Popular vote
Liberal
39.78%
PC
27.62%
CCF
15.55%
Social Credit
4.05%
Bloc populaire
3.29%
Labor-Progressive
2.13%
Others
7.58%
Seat totals
Liberal
48.16%
PC
27.34%
CCF
11.42%
Social Credit
5.30%
Bloc populaire
0.81%
Labor-Progressive
0.40%
Others
7.34%

Results by province

Party name BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE YK Total
  Liberal Seats:52293447793 118
 Popular Vote:27.521.833.032.740.846.550.045.748.4 39.8
  Progressive Conservative Seats:5212481321166
 Vote:30.018.718.824.941.49.738.336.847.440.027.6
  Co-operative Commonwealth Seats:4-185---1--28
 Vote:29.418.444.431.614.32.47.416.74.227.515.6
  Social Credit Seats:-13----    13
 Vote:2.336.63.03.20.24.4    4.0
 Independent LiberalSeats:1    7-   8
 Vote:1.7    5.91.1   1.8
 IndependentSeats:   --6--  6
 Vote:   0.80.416.93.20.2  4.9
  Bloc populaire Seats:    -2    2
 Vote:    0.311.9    3.3
  Labor–Progressive Seats:-----1 - -1
 Vote:5.94.50.85.02.01.0 0.6 32.42.1
 Independent PCSeats:    -1    1
 Vote:    xx1.0    0.3
 Independent CCFSeats:1    -    1
 Vote:1.4    xx    0.1
  Liberal-Progressive Seats:   1      1
 Vote:   1.9      0.1
Total Seats161721178265101241245
Parties that won no seats:
  National Government Vote:    0.3     0.1
  Trades Union Vote:1.1         0.1
 Farmer-Labour Vote:    0.2     0.1
 Independent ConservativeVote:     0.2    0.1
  Democratic Vote:0.6         xx
  Union of Electors Vote:     xx    xx
  Socialist Labour Vote:0.1         xx
Labour Vote:     xx    xx
  Liberal-Labour Vote:     xx    xx
 Independent LabourVote:    0.1     xx
 UnknownVote:     xx    xx

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.

Further reading

See also

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References

  1. "Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums". Elections Canada. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  2. Neatby, H. Blair (2016). "King, William Lyon Mackenzie". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. XVII (1941–1950) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  3. Neatby, H. Blair (2016). "King, William Lyon Mackenzie". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. XVII (1941–1950) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  4. The Essentials of Canadian History: Pre-colonization to 1867-the Beginning ... – Terence Allan Crowley, Rae Murphy – Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
  5. Morton, Desmond A Military History of Canada, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999 page 223-224.
  6. Morton, Desmond A Military History of Canada, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999 page 223-224.