Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 16

Last updated

Launch Complex 16
Launch Complex 16.jpg
Titan I launch from LC-16
Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 16
Launch site Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
Location 28°30′06″N80°33′06″W / 28.5017°N 80.5518°W / 28.5017; -80.5518
Time zone UTC−05:00 (EST)
 Summer (DST)
UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Short nameLC-16
Operator United States Space Force (owner)
Relativity Space (tenant)
Total launches150
Launch pad(s)1
Orbital inclination
range
28° – 57°
Launch history
StatusUndergoing renovation
First launch12 December 1959
HGM-25A Titan I
Last launch23 March 2023
Terran 1 ("Good Luck, Have Fun")
Associated
rockets
Future: Terran R
Retired: HGM-25A Titan I, LGM-25C Titan II, Pershing 1a, Pershing II, Terran 1
Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 16
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4km
2.5miles
28
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27
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26
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25
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24
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23
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22
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21
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20
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19
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18
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17
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16
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15
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14
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13
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12
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11
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10
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9
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8
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7
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6
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5
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4
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3
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2
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  Active pads
  Active pads not used for launches
  Inactive leased pads
  Inactive unleased pads
1
LC-39B
2
LC-39A
3
LC-48
4
SLC-41
5
SLC-40
6
LC-47
7
SLC-37
8
LC-34
9
SLC-20
10
LC-19
11
LC-16
12
LC-15
13
LC-14
14
LC-13 (LZ-2)
15
LC-12
16
LC-11
17
LC-36
18
LC-1, LC-2, LC-3, and LC-4
19
SLC-46
20
LC-21 and LC-22
21
LC-31 and LC-32
22
LC-18
23
SLC-17
24
LC-26
25
LC-5 and LC-6
26
LC-30
27
LC-25
28
LC-29

Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) is a launch pad site located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Part of the Missile Row lineup of launch pads, it was originally built for use by LGM-25 Titan missiles in the early 1960s, a variety of NASA functions in the late 1960s, and later saw tests of MGM-31 Pershing missiles in the 1970s and 1980s.

Contents

As of August 2025, LC-16 is leased to Relativity Space, during which it is undergoing large-scale renovations for future use by their Terran R launch vehicle.

History

LC-16 was originally built by the United States Air Force in the late 1950s as a way to test launches of their HGM-25A Titan I ICBMs, complementing LC-15 to the south and LC-19 and LC-20 to the north in accomplishing that task. Six Titan I missiles were launched from the complex between December 1959 and May 1960. These were followed by seven LGM-25C Titan II missiles, starting with the type's maiden flight on March 16, 1962. The last Titan II launch from LC-16 was conducted on May 29, 1963.

Following the end of its involvement with the Titan missile, LC-16 was released to NASA on September 16, 1964 , [1] which used it for Gemini crew processing, and static firing tests of the Apollo Service Module's propulsion engine. Following its return to the Air Force in 1972, it was handed over to the United States Army and was converted for use by the MGM-31 Pershing missile, which made its first flight from the complex on May 7, 1974. Seventy-nine Pershing 1a and 49 Pershing II missiles were launched from LC-16. The last Pershing launch from the facility was conducted on March 21, 1988. It was deactivated the next day and subsequently decommissioned under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Following a 30 year period of inactivity, it was announced on January 17, 2019 that Relativity Space had entered a 5-year agreement with the Air Force to use LC-16 to launch their in-development lifters, the smallsat-focused Terran 1 and the heavy-lift Terran R. [2] [3] After spending a couple years renovating the pad to be launch-capable, Relativity performed the first orbital launch attempt from the complex with the maiden flight of Terran 1 on March 23, 2023, which resulted in a failure after the second stage failed to ignite. [4] [5] Following this failure, Relativity announced that they opted to retire the Terran 1 in pursuit of developing the Terran R, thereby resuming construction work on LC-16 to support the launcher. Relativity currently expects the maiden flight of Terran R to be no earlier than 2026. [6]

Launch statistics

4
8
12
16
20
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990

Titan

All launches operated by the United States Air Force.

No.DateTime (UTC)Launch vehiclePayloadResultRemarks
112 December 195917:11 HGM-25A Titan I Suborbital testFailureFirst launch from LC-16. Vibrations unintentionally activated range safety destruction charges during liftoff, destroying the missile.
25 February 196021:46 HGM-25A Titan I Suborbital testFailureGuidance compartment suffered structural failure, leading to missile self-destruction 56 seconds after launch.
38 March 196018:00 HGM-25A Titan I Suborbital testFailureStuck valve caused gas generator failure, leading to failure of second stage start.
48 April 1960Unknown HGM-25A Titan I Suborbital testSuccessFirst successful launch from LC-16.
528 April 196020:18 HGM-25A Titan I Suborbital testSuccess
627 May 196017:20 HGM-25A Titan I Suborbital testSuccess
716 March 196218:09 LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testSuccessMaiden flight of the Titan II.
825 July 196216:17 LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testSuccess
812 October 196216:24 LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testSuccess
96 December 196220:31 LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testFailure Pogo oscillation reduction experiment failed, leading to premature first stage shutdown thanks to increased vibrations.
1010 January 1963Unknown LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testFailureSecond stage suffered from reduced thrust, leading to impact point being well short of target.
119 May 1963Unknown LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testSuccess
1229 May 196316:56 LGM-25C Titan II Suborbital testFailureContained pogo oscillation reduction experiment. Fuel leak led to fire in thrust section, leading to loss of control and missile self destruction 52 seconds after launch. Final Titan launch from LC-16.

Pershing

All launches operated by the United States Army.

No.DateTime (UTC)Launch vehiclePayloadResultRemarks
137 May 197419:00 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccessFirst Pershing test flight performed from LC-16, and first Pershing 1a test flight performed at Cape Canaveral.
147 May 197419:15 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
157 May 197420:05 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
167 May 197420:21 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
1721 May 1974Unknown Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
1821 May 197413:04 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
1921 May 197413:18 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2021 May 197414:28 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2131 May 197419:00 Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
2231 May 197419:15 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2331 May 197420:05 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2431 May 197420:21 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2523 July 197515:04 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2623 July 197516:38 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2723 July 197516:53 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
2824 July 197518:49 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
295 August 197516:04 Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
305 August 197516:20 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
315 August 197518:16 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
325 August 197518:32 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
3325 August 197515:54 Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
3425 August 197517:32 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
3526 August 197518:32 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
3626 August 197518:49 Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
3726 October 197618:06 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
3826 October 197619:12 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
3926 October 197620:21 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
4026 October 197620:39 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
4117 February 197718:12 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
422 March 197718:28 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
432 March 197718:53 Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
442 March 197720:31 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
452 March 197721:42 Pershing 1a Missile testFailure
4613 July 197814:37 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
4713 July 197816:57 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
4813 July 197818:09 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
4925 July 197814:30 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5025 July 197814:48 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5125 July 197815:06 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5225 August 197813:06 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5325 August 197813:23 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5425 August 197813:53 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5522 February 197914:43 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5622 February 197915:00 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5722 February 197915:19 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5825 April 197915:03 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
5925 April 197915:17 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6025 April 197915:40 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
619 May 197917:00 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
629 May 197918:29 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
639 May 197918:50 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6412 February 198015:51 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6512 February 198016:27 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6623 April 198015:04 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6723 April 198015:22 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6823 April 198015:39 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
6923 April 198016:05 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
707 May 198014:40 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
717 May 198014:59 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
727 May 198015:58 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
7315 May 198014:51 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
744 February 198115:00 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
754 February 198115:33 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
764 February 198115:53 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
7717 February 198117:15 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
7817 February 198117:51 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
7917 February 198119:17 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
807 April 198114:00 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
817 April 198114:19 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
827 April 198114:40 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8320 January 198214:59 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8420 January 198215:19 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8520 January 198219:06 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8624 February 198214:04 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8724 February 198214:55 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8824 February 198215:14 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
8910 March 198215:01 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
9010 March 198215:17 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
9110 March 198216:26 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
9222 July 198214:49 Pershing II Missile testFailureMaiden flight of the Pershing II.
9321 January 198314:48 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
949 February 198315:06 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
9528 March 198315:29 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
9610 April 198319:55 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
9727 May 198314:48 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
982 June 198314:46 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
9917 July 198314:15 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
1007 September 198317:04 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
10123 September 198312:05 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10223 September 198313:21 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10323 September 198314:34 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10423 September 198314:55 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10523 September 198316:17 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10613 October 198316:25 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10713 October 198316:50 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10813 October 198317:13 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccess
10913 October 198317:43 Pershing 1a Missile testSuccessLast Pershing 1 test launch from Cape Canaveral, with all remaining tests being performed at Fort Bliss.
11016 May 198414:31 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
1117 August 198412:00 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11220 September 198414:30 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
1133 October 198414:22 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11416 December 198513:03 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11517 December 198516:02 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11617 December 198521:37 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11724 June 198613:56 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11824 June 198615:23 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
11924 June 198616:33 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12026 June 198613:05 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12126 June 198616:47 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12224 March 198713:33 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12324 March 198713:52 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12424 March 198714:13 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12524 March 198715:34 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12624 March 198715:54 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12724 March 198716:17 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12821 May 198702:00 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
12921 May 198702:19 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13021 May 198702:40 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13121 May 198704:00 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13221 May 198704:33 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13321 May 198704:51 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13427 July 198712:38 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13527 July 198712:57 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13627 July 198715:20 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13727 July 198715:37 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13813 January 198814:01 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
13915 February 198813:03 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14015 February 198813:21 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14115 February 198813:42 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14215 February 198815:16 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14315 February 198815:42 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14415 February 198816:01 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14521 March 198813:01 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14621 March 198813:19 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14721 March 198814:13 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14821 March 198815:45 Pershing II Missile testSuccess
14921 March 198816:53 Pershing II Missile testSuccessFinal Pershing launch from Cape Canaveral. Final Pershing II test flight before their elimination in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

Terran

All launches operated by Relativity Space.

No.DateTime (UTC)Launch vehicleMission namePayloadResultRemarks
15023 March 202303:25 Terran 1 "Good Luck, Have Fun"N/AFailureFirst launch performed by Relativity Space, and only flight of the Terran 1. First orbital launch attempt from LC-16. Second stage failed to ignite after staging.

See also

References

  1. Ertel, I.D. (1973). The Apollo Spacecraft: Through November 7, 1962. NASA SP. Scientific and Technical Information Division, Office of Technology Utilization, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 224. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  2. Sheetz, Michael (January 17, 2019). "3D printer Relativity Space gets Air Force contract for Florida launch pad". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  3. Burghardt, Thomas (June 8, 2021). "Relativity Space reveals fully reusable medium lift launch vehicle Terran R". www.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  4. Iemole, Anthony (March 23, 2023). "Relativity overachieves Terran 1 debut objectives". NASASpaceFlight . Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  5. Baylor, Michael. "Terran-1 - Good Luck, Have Fun". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  6. "Terran R". Relativity Space. Retrieved February 20, 2024.

Sources