Centralia Big Hanaford power plant is a coal-fired power plant supplemented with natural-gas-fired units. It is located east of Centralia, Washington, United States in Lewis County. It is the only commercial coal-fired power plant in the State of Washington.[1][2]
The plant, owned by TransAlta, is situated on 11,000 acres (4,500ha) and at its peak, generated energy ample enough to power Los Angeles.[2] The site is expected to close by the end of 2025.
In 2006, the adjacent Centralia Coal Mine was closed due to operating costs, eliminating approximately 600 jobs.[3] In 2011, a bill signed in 2011 by governor Christine Gregoire, the TransAlta Energy Transition Bill (TAETB) also known as Senate Bill 5769,[4] authored in an agreement to permanently close the Centralia Power Plant in 2025. A coal boiler was shut down in 2020 as part of beginning phase of the closure.[5][6][7]
Multi-million dollar funds, to be used for clean energy investments and programs for the Centralia community and throughout the state, were required as a part of the TAETB bill. A fund up to $30million was initiated to lower nitrogen oxide levels beginning in 2013; the plant has already begun an upgrade to reduce mercury emissions beginning in 2012.[4] TransAlta created a $20 million fund for training and educational work programs for remaining employees of the plant.[8] Part of a larger Centralia Coal Transition Grants initiative, other grants include millions for energy efficiency and technology for nearby communities and schools. The land at the site has slowly been reclaimed for public and commercial use, including the planting of trees and maintaining wetland areas.[9]
Generating units
Coal-fired
The two identical coal-fired generating units have a combined capacity of 1,340 MW. Both units started up for commercial operation in August 1971. (Bonneville Power Administration 1980 EIS)
In following the 2011 agreement to close the plant, the first boiler was shut down in 2020 with the second unit planned for closure in 2025. A schedule of emissions reductions were put in place to be met as the closure date nears.[7] The Washington State Senate approved the deal with a 36–13 vote.[6] To complete this transition, TransAlta received an expedited permit, and is also exempt from any Environmental Impact Assessment that would otherwise be required.
The energy produced until its closure is used by Puget Sound Energy (PSE) and according to 2022 figures, 14.5% of PSE's electric load came from the TransAlta coal plant, enough to supply power to 300,000 homes.[2]
Gas-fired
In 2002, the plant capacity was supplemented with five natural gas-fired units. Four of them are 50-MWe gas turbine (GT) units, and the fifth is a 68-MWe steam cycle unit. The entire arrangement is known as combined cycle 4-on-1 where the exhaust from the 4 GT's creates steam via Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) to power a single steam turbine. In 2014, the gas fired portion of the plant known as the "Big Hanaford Plant" was removed from the plant footprint and parted out to various buyers.[citation needed]
Fuel supply
Seventy percent of sub-bituminous coal used by the plant was delivered by truck from the nearby Centralia Coal Mine, which was a strip mine and the largest coal mine in the state of Washington, until it closed down on November 27, 2006.[10] Coal from the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming has also been transported by rail to be burned at the plant since 1989, but was only used to supplement Centralia Coal mine coal until 2006. By 2008, the plant was burning 100% Powder River basin coal.[11] Rail upgrades and SO2 scrubber upgrades to ensure the plant releases less pollution would have ensured the operation runs for at least another 15–20 years. Before the closure of unit 1 Centralia burned coal from about nine 110-car coal trains each week (i.e. 990 full coal cars).
Power plant from the air in July 2023
Environmental and public impacts
Annually, the Centralia Power Plant emits 350 pounds of mercury pollution,[citation needed] making it the state's largest single source of mercury pollution. Mercury pollution is a bio cumulative neurotoxin which causes brain damage in humans and is especially dangerous for children and pregnant or nursing mothers.[12][13] Among the top five polluting plants in the state, the Centralia site was recorded in 2013 to generate 13% of carbon emissions in the state and 81% of all combined emissions, amounting to 5,360,000 metric tons (5,360,000t) annually.[3] By 2019, the plant was recorded to emit 979,557 t CO2 emissions.[14]
All of the mining area is currently being reclaimed. When TransAlta bought the plant in 2000, it agreed to reduce emissions. It installed US$200 million worth of scrubbers on the plant, which were purchased from ABB Environmental Systems. Between 2010 and 2012, the Centralia Power Plant was offline for an average of 4 months of each year. In March 2009, a proposed agreement between TransAlta and the Washington State Department of Ecology was announced, regarding a significant step forward in improving air quality in Washington. Key to the agreement is TransAlta's willingness to voluntarily reduce mercury emissions by at least 50 percent by 2012 to address air quality concerns in the region. Capture testing took place in 2009 and an activated injection product was selected. The process was expected to cost US$20 to $30 million over several years. Additionally, continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) for mercury measurement was certified by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC). As part of the same agreement between TransAlta and the Washington Department of Ecology, TransAlta agreed to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) by 20 percent beginning in 2009. In 2012, Selective Non Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) system was installed to further reduce NOx at a cost of almost $20M.[15]
Plans to sell the plant began in 1998.[17] In 2000, Portland General Electric sold its 2.5 percent share to Avista Energy,[16] shortly before the plant was sold in its entirety to TransAlta Corporation for $554 million that same year.[18][19]
The design and construction of the new plant were by Stone & Webster and ABB Environmental Systems.[20]
Future plans
Future plans for the site include the operating of several green energy facilities, including generating power via hydrogen and nuclear fusion, and the decommissioning of the Centralia Coal Mine is expected to incorporate renewable energy machinery as the coal plant closes. The company created a $20 million fund for training and educational work programs for remaining employees of the plant.[2]
A 1,000-acre (400ha) solar farm, to be located immediately north of the Lewis and Thurston county border, was proposed in 2018. At the time of the announcement, it was to be the largest such type in the United States. Capable of providing up to 180 MW, nearly 200 megawatts short of the steam plant's production, it was to open in 2020.[3]
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