Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica

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Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Logo of Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica.svg
TypeNational research institute
Established1946;78 years ago (1946)
President Prof.dr. A.G. de Kok
Administrative staff
~200
Location
Amsterdam
,
Netherlands
Website www.cwi.nl

The Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (abbr. CWI; English: "National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science") is a research centre in the field of mathematics and theoretical computer science. It is part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO) and is located at the Amsterdam Science Park. This institute is famous as the creation site of the programming language Python. It was a founding member of the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM).

Contents

Early history

The institute was founded in 1946 by Johannes van der Corput, David van Dantzig, Jurjen Koksma, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, Marcel Minnaert and Jan Arnoldus Schouten. It was originally called Mathematical Centre (in Dutch: Mathematisch Centrum). One early mission was to develop mathematical prediction models to assist large Dutch engineering projects, such as the Delta Works. During this early period, the Mathematics Institute also helped with designing the wings of the Fokker F27 Friendship airplane, voted in 2006 as the most beautiful Dutch design of the 20th century. [1] [2]

The computer science component developed soon after. Adriaan van Wijngaarden, considered the founder of computer science (or informatica) in the Netherlands, was the director of the institute for almost 20 years. Edsger Dijkstra did most of his early influential work on algorithms and formal methods at CWI. The first Dutch computers, the Electrologica X1 and Electrologica X8, were both designed at the centre, and Electrologica was created as a spinoff to manufacture the machines.

In 1983, the name of the institute was changed to Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) to reflect a governmental push for emphasizing computer science research in the Netherlands. [3]

Recent research

The institute is known for its work in fields such as operations research, software engineering, information processing, and mathematical applications in life sciences and logistics. More recent examples of research results from CWI include the development of scheduling algorithms for the Dutch railway system (the Nederlandse Spoorwegen, one of the busiest rail networks in the world) and the development of the Python programming language by Guido van Rossum. Python has played an important role in the development of the Google search platform from the beginning, and it continues to do so as the system grows and evolves. [4] Many information retrieval techniques used by packages such as SPSS were initially developed by Data Distilleries, a CWI spinoff. [5] [6]

Work at the institute was recognized by national or international research awards, such as the Lanchester Prize (awarded yearly by INFORMS), the Gödel Prize (awarded by ACM SIGACT) and the Spinoza Prize. Most of its senior researchers hold part-time professorships at other Dutch universities, with the institute producing over 170 full professors during the course of its history. Several CWI researchers have been recognized as members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Academia Europaea, or as knights in the Order of the Netherlands Lion. [7]

In February 2017, CWI in association with Google announced a successful collision attack on SHA 1 encryption algorithm. [8]

European Internet

CWI was an early user of the Internet in Europe, in the form of a TCP/IP connection to NSFNET. Piet Beertema at CWI established one of the first two connections outside the United States to the NSFNET (shortly after France's INRIA) [9] [10] [11] for EUnet on 17 November 1988. The first Dutch country code top-level domain issued was cwi.nl. [12] [13] [14] When this domain cwi.nl was registered, on 1 May 1986, .nl effectively became the first active ccTLD outside the United States. [15] For the first ten years CWI, or rather Beertema, managed the .nl administration, until in 1996 this task was transferred to its spin-off SIDN. [12]

The Amsterdam Internet Exchange (one of the largest Internet Exchanges in the world, in terms of both members and throughput traffic) is located at the neighbouring SARA (an early CWI spin-off) and Nikhef institutes. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) office for the Benelux countries is located at CWI. [16]

Spin-off companies

CWI has demonstrated a continuing effort to put the work of its researchers at the disposal of society, mainly by collaborating with commercial companies and creating spin-off businesses. In 2000 CWI established "CWI Incubator BV", a dedicated company with the aim to generate high tech spin-off companies. [17] Some of the CWI spinoffs include: [18]

Software and languages

Notable people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guido van Rossum</span> Dutch programmer and creator of Python

Guido van Rossum is a Dutch programmer. He is the creator of the Python programming language, for which he was the "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position on 12 July 2018. He remained a member of the Python Steering Council through 2019, and withdrew from nominations for the 2020 election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.nl</span> Internet country code top-level domain for the Netherlands

.nl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Netherlands. It is one of the most popular ccTLDs with over six million registered .nl domains as of 29 September 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</span> Dutch mathematician and computer scientist

Adriaan "Aad" van Wijngaarden was a Dutch mathematician and computer scientist. Trained as a mechanical engineer, Van Wijngaarden emphasized and promoted the mathematical aspects of computing, first in numerical analysis, then in programming languages and finally in design principles of such languages.

Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore Meertens or L.G.L.T. Meertens is a Dutch computer scientist and professor. As of 2020, he is a researcher at the Kestrel Institute, a nonprofit computer science research center in Palo Alto's Stanford Research Park.

The ARRA was the first Dutch computer, and was built from relays for the Dutch Mathematical Centre, which later became the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma</span> Dutch mathematician

Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma was a Dutch mathematician who specialized in analytic number theory.

Carel S. Scholten was a physicist and a pioneer of computing.

Piet Beertema is a Dutch Internet pioneer. On November 17, 1988, at 2:28 PM, he linked the Netherlands as one of the first two countries to NSFNET, a precursor to the Internet. Beertema was then working as an administrator at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in Amsterdam.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Karel Lenstra</span> Dutch mathematician and operations researcher

Jan Karel Lenstra is a Dutch mathematician and operations researcher, known for his work on scheduling algorithms, local search, and the travelling salesman problem.

Bram Jan Loopstra was a Dutch computing pioneer who worked at the Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam and then at Electrologica with Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Carel S. Scholten and Gerrit Blaauw. From 1956 until at least 1963 he was technical director of Electrologica. At his death after a long illness on March 22, 1979, he was adjunct director of the Philips International Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electrologica</span>

N.V. Electrologica was a pioneering Dutch computer manufacturer from 1956 to 1968, when it was taken over by Philips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin L. Kersten</span> Dutch computer scientist (born 1953)

Martin L. Kersten was a computer scientist with research focus on database architectures, query optimization and their use in scientific databases. He was an architect of the MonetDB system, an open-source column store for data warehouses, online analytical processing (OLAP) and geographic information systems (GIS). He has been (co-) founder of several successful spin-offs of the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerrit Lekkerkerker</span> Dutch mathematician (1922–1999)

Cornelis Gerrit Lekkerkerker was a Dutch mathematician.

Peter Boncz is a Dutch computer scientist specializing in database systems. He is a researcher at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica and professor at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in the special chair of Large-Scale Analytical Data Management.

Constance van Eeden was a Dutch mathematical statistician who made "exceptional contributions to the development of statistical sciences in Canada". She was interested in nonparametric statistics including maximum likelihood estimation and robust statistics, and did foundational work on parameter spaces.

The Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics (KdVI) is the institute for mathematical research at the University of Amsterdam. The KdVI is located in Amsterdam at the Amsterdam Science Park.

Jacobus Willem (Jaco) de Bakker was a Dutch theoretical computer scientist and professor at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

Jacob Anton "Jaap" Zonneveld was a Dutch programmer who, with Edsger W. Dijkstra, wrote the first ALGOL 60 compiler.

Josephus C.M. Baeten is a Dutch computer scientist and mathematician, who has published on process calculus, concurrency theory, formal methods, model-based software engineering, model-based systems engineering and theory of computation.

Krzysztof R. Apt is a Polish computer scientist. He defended his PhD in mathematical logic in Warsaw, Poland in 1974. His research interests include program correctness and semantics, use of logic as a programming language, distributed computing, and game theory. Besides his own research, he has been heavily involved in service to the computing community, notably by promoting the use of logic in computer science and by advocating open access to scientific literature.

References

  1. ↑ "Fokker F27 Friendship wins 2006 Best Dutch Design Election".
  2. ↑ "Fokker Friendship beste Nederlandse design". 5 May 2006.
  3. ↑ Bennie Mols: ERCOM: The Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica turns 60. In: Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society, No. 56 (September 2007), p. 43 (online)
  4. ↑ "Quotes about Python". Python.org. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  5. ↑ "SPSS and Data Distilleries". Python.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  6. ↑ Sumath, S; Sivanandam, S.N. (2006). Introduction to Data Mining and its Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 743. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-34351-6. ISBN   978-3-540-34350-9.
  7. ↑ "Lex Schrijver receives EURO Gold Medal 2015". cwi. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  8. ↑ Announcing the first SHA1 collision
  9. ↑ "The path to digital literacy and network culture in France (1980s to 1990s)". The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. Taylor & Francis. 2017. pp. 84–89. ISBN   978-1317607656.
  10. ↑ [Et Dieu crea l'Internet, Christian Huitema, ISBN   2-212-08855-8, 1995, page 10]
  11. ↑ Andrianarisoa, Menjanirina (2 March 2012). "A brief history of the internet".
  12. 1 2 "CWI History: details". CWI. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  13. ↑ (in Dutch) De geschiedenis van SIDN Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine (History of SIDN), Official website of SIDN
  14. ↑ "Kees Neggers: Global Networking Requires Global Collaboration | Internet Hall of Fame". www.internethalloffame.org. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  15. ↑ "Our milestones". SIDN. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  16. ↑ "The World Wide Web Consortium - Benelux Office". W3C. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  17. ↑ "Spin-off companies' details". CWI Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  18. ↑ "Spin-off companies". CWI Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.

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