Cephalopods, usually specifically octopuses, squids, nautiluses and cuttlefishes, are most commonly represented in popular culture in the Western world as creatures that spray ink and use their tentacles to persistently grasp at and hold onto objects or living creatures.
The octopus (or kraken, a legendary sea creature sometimes depicted as a giant octopus) has been used as a negative metaphor for an entity which is perceived as sending out many "tentacles" from one "head" in order to exert power and control.
Cartoons
The first cephalopod character to play a title role in an American animated cartoon series was the Hanna-Barbera character Squiddly Diddly. The animated series Oswald revolves around the life of the titular blue octopus and his friends. Cephalopods more commonly appear as supporting characters, or make guest appearances. Supporting characters in cartoons include Occy, a pet octopus in Snorks, the Maximals Scuba and Ikad along with the Seacon Space Pirate Scylla from Beast Wars II, and Squidward Tentacles, an octopus from the Nickelodeon series SpongeBob SquarePants; Squilliam Fancyson is an octopus from the same cartoon.[1] Numerous cephalopods have made cameo appearances in the cartoon series Octonauts. The character Eight-Armed Willy from the animated series The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack is another example of a cephalopod cameo. In an episode of the animated series The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, entitled "Nightmare in Retroville", Jimmy Neutron transforms himself into an octopus-like creature to battle his friends, who have similarly been transformed into monsters.[2]
Comics
Doctor Octopus and Lady Octopus are two supervillains from the Marvel Comics universe. The former was a scientist who augmented his human body by adding four back-mounted mechanical arms (bringing his total number of limbs to eight). Another villain is Zitzbath Zark, otherwise known as the Octopus, from the hardboiled comic Spirit. The DC Comics hero Aquaman had a pet octopus named Topo who assisted him in a variety of ways, often taking advantage of his multiple limbs.[citation needed] The Space Squids are frequent enemies of Earthmen in Brewster Rockit: Space Guy!.
Film
20,000 Leagues under the sea (1916)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, based on the 1870 novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas by Jules Verne, is the best known representation of a giant cephalopod in cinema. The story's plot follows a group of humans who travel in a submarine called Nautilus (another cephalopod reference) and encounter a giant cephalopod.[3][4] At least five film adaptions of the story exist (1907, 1916, 1954,[5]1985 and 1997), variously presenting the monster as a squid or an octopus, or a fantastic combination of the two.
Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in Octaman, which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie The Little Mermaid, Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. Monster Shark (1984) and Sharktopus (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids.
Cuttlefish and their unique attributes have been a recurring topic or plot point in several major films. Captain Jack Sparrow asked feuding pirates to consider the cuttlefish and their capacity for cannibalism in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007). Cuttlefish and their hypnotic strobing ability were discussed as the greatest fear of Ulysses Klaue in Marvel Studios' Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015). In the same year, the DNA of cuttlefish were discussed as contributing to the intelligence and camouflage of the Indominus rex in the science fiction action film Jurassic World (2015).
Literature
Cthulhu is a fictional deity created by H. P. Lovecraft and first appearing in the short story "The Call of Cthulhu". Cthulhu is portrayed as a malevolent and powerful being that, though for the most part incomprehensible to human understanding, appears to have features reminiscent of an octopus and a dragon. Cthulhu appeared in the three-episode arc of the series South Park that began with the episode "Coon 2: Hindsight".
Other examples of cephalopods in literature include the man-eating squid species Haploteuthis ferox from H. G. Wells' short story "The Sea Raiders". In the Harry Potter franchise, a benevolent giant squid lives in the Black Lake, located next to Hogwarts. The Norwegian science fiction novel De heldige tre konger features intelligent cephalopods that occupy the land. In Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow, octopus Grigori is trained through Pavlovian conditioning to attack the double agent Katje Borgesius.
Music
The Beatles song "Octopus's Garden", the Syd Barrett song "Octopus", the Bloc Party song "Octopus", and the Salmonella Dub song "Octopus" all incorporate octopuses in their song titles or lyrics. The song "Giant Squids" by Australian musician Baterz speculates about the lives of the animals.[6] The Australian band Do-Re-Mi wrote and recorded a song called "Cuttlefish Beach", which appears on the album Domestic Harmony. The Australian children's musical group The Wiggles features an octopus as one of their mascots.
Electronic music
Several musicians, producers and composers of electronic music have names inspired by cephalopods. These include the chip-tune composer Cuttlefish, and the electronic music producers, Tron Sepia (whose name refers to a genus of cuttlefish). Cephalopods are reflected in track titles and the names of several record labels, including Octopus Records, Octopus Black Label, Black Octopus Sound, Squid and the Stereo, Siamese Squids, and Nautilus Recordz. As of December2023[update], Beatport's electronic music catalog includes over 150 releases which include the word "octopus" in their title.[7] Other titles with references to cephalopods include the Spenghead tracks "Gargantuan Cuttlefish Liasons" and "Romancing the Collossal Squid"; the latter appears on an EP entitled The Cephalopod.[8]
Video games
In the Mario franchise, a Blooper is an enemy character resembling a squid, debuting in Super Mario Bros. (1985). In the sandbox game Minecraft, squids are passive, non-playable characters that carry obtainable ink sacs. In the media franchise Pokémon, Omanyte, Omastar, Octillery, Inkay, Malamar, Clobbopus and Grapploct are all cephalopod-like organisms. Splatoon, a game by Nintendo released in 2015, features squid-like humanoids called Inklings as the player characters. The 2017 sequel Splatoon 2 introduced Octolings, playable octopus-like humanoids as part of the Octo Expansion DLC. Night of the Cephalopods (2008) is a free retro pixel art survival game in which human players must fend off levitating cephalopods.[9] A discussion thread on TONMO.com is dedicated to noting appearances of cephalopod characters in video games.[10]
In Galactopus, a homebrew action game for the Atari 2600, the player pilots a spaceship and battles cephalopods in space.[11]
The genre is well known enough in Japan that it is the subject of parody. In the 21st century, Japanese films of this genre have become recognized in the United States and Europe, although it remains a small, fetish-oriented part of the adult film industry. While most tentacle erotica is animated, there are also a few live-action films that depict it. (Full article...)
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