| Ceratina sequoiae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | Ceratina |
| Species: | C. sequoiae |
| Binomial name | |
| Ceratina sequoiae Michener, 1936 | |
Ceratina sequoiae is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in North America. [1] [2] [3] It is a specialist on Clarkia flowers. [4]
Clarkia is a genus within the flowering plant family Onagraceae. Over 40 species are currently classified in Clarkia; almost all are native to western North America, though one species is native to South America.
The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees, is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and is not closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. The genus presently contains over 300 species in 23 subgenera. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies. One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina australensis, which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry. Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines.
Clarkia unguiculata is a species of wildflower known by the common name elegant clarkia or mountain garland. This plant is endemic to California, where it is found in many woodland habitats. Specifically it is common on the forest floor of many oak woodlands, along with typical understory wildflowers that include Calochortus luteus, Cynoglossum grande and Delphinium variegatum. C. unguiculata presents a spindly, hairless, waxy stem not exceeding a meter in height and bears occasional narrow leaves. The showy flowers have hairy, fused sepals forming a cup beneath the corolla, and four petals each one to 2.5 centimeters long. The paddle-like petals are a shade of pink to reddish to purple and are slender and diamond-shaped or triangular. There are eight long stamens, the outer four of which have large red anthers. The stigma protrudes from the flower and can be quite large. Flowers of the genus Clarkia are primarily pollinated by specialist bees found in their native habitat "Clarkias independently developed self-pollination in 12 lineages."
The South Sierra Wilderness is a federally designated wilderness area in the Southern Sierra Nevada, in eastern California. It is located 65 miles (105 km) northeast of Bakersfield, and is southwest of Owens Lake and Olancha.
Ceratina strenua, the nimble ceratina, is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in North America.
Ceratina cobaltina is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America.
Agapostemon virescens, the bicolored striped sweat bee, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is found in North America, and is the official bee of the city of Toronto. Like other species in its genus, A. virescens nests underground, in aggregations wherein multiple females share a single burrow.
Ceratina cockerelli is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America.
Ceratina nanula is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Phloeosinus sequoiae is a species of crenulate bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
Ceratina arizonensis is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Diadasia enavata, the sunflower chimney bee, is a species of chimney bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America. It is a pollinator restricted to plants of the Asteraceae family. It has been observed pollinating Coreopsis tinctoria.
Bombus californicus, the California bumble bee, is a species of bumble bee in the family Apidae. Bombus californicus is in the subgenus Thoracobombus. It is found in Central America and the western half of North America. Bombus californicus is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN.
Macropogon sequoiae is a species of soft-bodied plant beetle in the family Artematopodidae. It is found in North America.
Ceratina calcarata, the spurred ceratina, is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in eastern North America. This species ranges from Georgia, USA north to Ontario, Canada and east to Nova Scotia, Canada. This bee is a common generalist, native pollinator, it pollinates plants like watermelon and cucumber very effectively. C. calcarata adds to the productivity of a wide range of ecological and agricultural systems due to its wide range and abundance. This small bee is becoming a model organism in the scientific research of social evolution. C. calcarata is the first subsocial bee species to have its genome published, allowing researchers to investigate the evolutionary origins of social behaviour.
Ceratina dallatorreana is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Africa, Europe and Northern Asia, and North America.
Ceratina acantha is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
Ceratina dupla, the doubled ceratina, is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in the eastern half of North America. It was formerly confused with the species Ceratina floridana and Ceratina mikmaqi, until molecular analyses demonstrated significant genetic differences between the taxa.
Robert A. Raguso is an American biologist and professor at Cornell University in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior. He has expanded the field of chemical ecology by introducing and pioneering floral scent as a key component of plant-pollinator communication, with special focus on hawkmoths and Clarkia plants.