Ceratophaga vastella

Ceratophaga vastella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Tineidae
Genus:	Ceratophaga
Species:	C. vastella
Binomial name
	Ceratophaga vastella; (Zeller, 1852)
Synonyms
	Euplocamus (Scardia) vastellus Zeller, 1852; Tinea vastella Auct.; T. gigantella Stainton, 1860; T. lucidella Walker, 1863;

Last updated October 17, 2022

Ceratophaga vastella, or the horn moth, belongs to the clothes moth family Tineidae and is noted for its larva's ability to feed on keratin from the horns and hooves of dead ungulates, and occasionally on dried fruit or mushrooms. Keratin, a protein which makes up skin, hair, nails and feathers, is extremely resistant to proteolysis by the enzymes from specialised micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria.

Ceratophaga vastella is widespread in the Afrotropical realm. Thus far there are 16 described species in the genus, with 12 found in Africa, three in Asia and one, C. vicinella, from the Americas, which feeds on the shells of Gopherus polyphemus , a tortoise from the southeastern United States, but also feeds on the horns of cattle in the US.

Larvae are cream-coloured and thick-set, with brown head and tip of abdomen. Usually the larval cases are noticed on the surface of old horns. The adult moth is a typical tineid, having a conspicuous tuft of yellow hair on the head. Other Tineidae share C. vastella's diet of keratin, dried animal hides and wool - C. ethadopa (Meyr.), Monopis rejectella (Wlk.), Tinea pellionella and Tineola bisselliella .^[1]^[2]

The entomologist Thomas de Grey (1843–1919) suggested that the larvae of this species may occasionally be found in the horns of living animals.^[3]

Mr. Haliday made some remarks on two pairs of antelope's horns, exhibited to the meeting by J. M. Neligan, M.D. These horns belonging, one pair to Oreas canna (pi. i., fig. 3), the other to Kobus ellipsiprymnus were brought home from the Gambia by J. Fitzgibbon, Esq., M.D., who lately purchased them from some natives in the market at Macarthy's Island, being struck with their appearance, as they were perforated by grubs enclosed in cases which projected abundantly from the surface of the horns, although these were taken from freshly-killed animals, the blood not having dried up on them when brought to market. The most remarkable point was the evidence that the horns had been thus infested while the animal was yet living which bore them. As the fibrous substance of the horn undergoes little or no change at the death of the animal, there seems to be no reason why the moth should not deposit its eggs when the living animal is at rest, nor why the larva should not penetrate the horn; but the question must be considered to be "sub judice".
— Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham - Micro-Lepidoptera

Zeller and Roland Trimen, however, expressed their doubts about larvae feeding off the horn of a living animal and were supported in this view by Lieutenant Colonel the Hon. Wenman Coke, a soldier and hunter.

Thomas de Grey also wrote: "I have in my own collection a pair of horns of Kobus ellipsiprymnus, which are bored by the larvae of this species, the substance of the horn itself being visibly perforated in several places up to one-fourth from the base". This is a clear suggestion that the larvae do not confine themselves to keratin, but will also venture into the bony part of the horn.^[4]

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<i>Tineola bisselliella</i> Species of moth

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<i>Coleophora ibipennella</i> Species of moth

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Bucculatrix ulmella is a moth of the family Bucculatricidae. It is found in most of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula, Slovenia and Bulgaria. It was first described in 1848 by Philipp Christoph Zeller.

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Rhathamictis perspersa is a moth of the family Incurvariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1924. It occurs in New Zealand.

Scrobipalpa samadensis, the buck's-horn groundling, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in most of Europe and Russia.

Psychoides verhuella is a moth of the family Tineidae found in Europe. It was first described in 1853, by Charles Théophile Bruand d'Uzelle from a specimen from Besançon, France. It is the type species of the genus Psychoides, also raised by Charles Bruand in 1853. The larvae feed on ferns.

References

Zeller, P. C. 1852a. Lepidoptera Microptera, quae J. A. Wahlberg in Caffrorum terra collegit
Don R. Davis, Smithsonian Institution (pers. comm.)

↑ "Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute 1978". Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
↑ Moths of Southern Africa - E.C.G. Pinhey
↑ Micro-Lepidoptera
↑ Natural History Review, vol. iii., 1856, p. 23 of the Proceedings of the Dublin Zoological Association

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[1] "Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute 1978". Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

[2] Moths of Southern Africa - E.C.G. Pinhey

[3] Micro-Lepidoptera

[4] Natural History Review, vol. iii., 1856, p. 23 of the Proceedings of the Dublin Zoological Association

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