Charaxes affinis

Charaxes affinis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Charaxes
Species:	C. affinis
Binomial name
Charaxes affinis Butler, [1866] [1]
Synonyms
Charaxes parmenionC. & R. Felder, [1867] Charaxes demonaxC. & R. Felder, [1867] Charaxes wallaceiButler, 1872

Charaxes affinis is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1866. It is found in the Indomalayan realm. ^[2]

Description

Charaxes affinis is a large, sexually dimorphic butterfly (wingspan 66-75mm). The upperside of the male is orange-brown with a broad dark brown or black marginal band on the forewings, and a submarginal line of brown or black spots and a small tail on the hindwings. Its patterns and colours are extremely variable.

Technical description

For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

The body of both male and female Charaxes affinis, especially the thorax, are less bright tawny orange than the wings, more ochre-coloured. ^[3]

Length of forewing: male 38–44 mm, female 50–53 mm. ^[3]

Males' wings are bright tawny orange, with a largely buff-coloured abdominal fold. ^[3] Forewings are rather falcate, outer edge either nearly entire, or denticulate; posterior half or two-thirds of bar D obsolete; median bars SC⁵—R² heavy, forming generally triangular patches which are more or less fused with the black outer area, but the second stands sometimes quite isolated, median bar R³—M¹ seldom clearly marked above, about 6mm distant from origin of M1 (as on underside); black postdisco-marginal area much narrower behind than in front, measuring about 4 mm at SM²; discal bar M²—SM² present, either heavy and separated from black border of the wing by a small tawny orange spot between veins, or feeble and then more or less completely isolated (in all specimens from North Celebes?), bar M¹—M² stands also often partly separated from the black border. ^[3] These discal bars much more distal than the discal bars of the underside; edge of wing has two minute tawny dots between M² and SM² in the greater number of individuals; fringe white between veins. ^[3]

Hindwing somewhat variable in shape. The anal angle more prominent in some specimens than in others; median bar C—SC² seldom absent, in some specimens also bar SC²—R¹ marked; postdisco-submarginal patches C—R¹ large, the others small, patch SC²-R¹ at least 6 mm long, the black scaling extending. ^[3] In many specimens along SC² basad for several millimetres, all the other patches separated from one another; white submarginal dots within those patches are variable, often partly absent; admarginal line black, sharply marked, separated from edge of wing, posteriorly between the veins where it is generally thin, from C to R³ it is generally heavy, dilated along the veins and joined to, or partly fused with, the postdisco-submarginal patches; upper tail acute, 3—4 mm. long, second very short, sometimes not so much prominent as the teeth SC²—R². ^[3]

Underside: varying from ochraceous to ochre yellow, the glossy parts appearing darker (slaty grey) in side light, the discal interspaces lighter at the median bars. All the bars much thinner than in C. latona . ^[3]

Forewing: submedian bar M¹—M² rather oblique, bar M²—(SM¹) about midway between base of M² and bar M¹—M², often also oblique, bar R³—M¹ always about (in both sexes); discal bars more distal than in C. latona, less arched, the series not interrupted at R²; postdiscal patches very obscurely marked, with ill-defined, white patches at their distal side, of which the middle ones are mostly very feeble; upper cell-bar curved twice, the middle portion pointing distad, basal cell-spot at least vestigial, costal margin somewhat greyish at base. ^[3]

Hindwing: median series of bars much broken, none of the bars contiguous, bar R³—M¹ several millimetres distant from base of M¹, not standing very far from the discal series, bar R²—R³ much more distal than bar R¹—R², the discal interspace, therefore, not half the width between R² and M¹ as between C and R²; discal bars much less arched than in C. latona, the posterior ones almost straight, the series not parallel to outer margin of wing, it being slightly curved basad from C—R³ and then running nearly straight to SM³, which it reaches close to anal angle; postdiscal bars indistinct, represented by blackish, ill-defined, feebly curved lunules, interspace between them and the discal bars tawny outwardly, more yellow proximally; admarginal blackish brown line thin, but well-defined, not touching edge of wing, sometimes interrupted at veins. ^[3]

Differences compared to Charaxes latona

Females are often confounded with the female of C. latona. ^[3]

Forewing upperside: outer margin more concave than in C. latona; median bars SC⁵—R² less enlarged than in C. latona, somewhat more distal; discal uniform bars more distal than in C. latona and also much more distal than the discal bars of the underside, which show through, the upper ones more or less enlarged; postdisco-submarginal patches more triangular than in C. latona, closer to edge of wing, often fused with the black-brown margin; marginal line much thinner than in C. latona, very indistinctly defined, the pale tawny orange colour extending close to the fringe at the veins. ^[3]

Hindwing upperside: median bars C—SC² always (?), SC²—R¹ mostly present, bar R¹—R² seldom distinctly marked, disc outside these bars often very pale; discal lunules shining through from below; there is often a very indistinct, band-like, dark shade from the inner edge of the upper postdisco-submarginal patches straight to anal angle, corresponding to the black postdiscal band of the underside, this shadowy band sometimes ending in a conspicuous blackish half-moon at anal angle; postdisco-submarginal patches closer to margin than in C. latona, the posterior ones always small, the middle and upper white submarginal dots seldom obliterated; admarginal line thin, but well-defined, broken up into slightly arched lunules, the upper ones heavier; upper tail spatulate, 7 mm long, second a very short and blunt tooth. ^[3]

Underside: discal interspaces of both wings, the greater part of the postdiscal and submedian interspaces of the forewing ochre yellow, median interspace of both wings more or less brown; bars thinner than in C. latona. ^[3]

Forewing: submedian bar M¹—M² always considerably more distal than submedian bar M²—(SM¹), and median bar R³—M¹ much more so than median bar M¹—M²; discal uniform bars less deeply arched than in C. latona, more distal in position; postdisco-submarginal spots much shaded with white scales, consisting generally of a blackish proximal (postdiscal) dot or dash which is separated from a similar, but less obvious, spot by whitish scales; from the postdiscal dots extend basad fine, yellow, lines situated at the internervular folds R²—SM², these lines sometimes very faint. ^[3]

Hindwing: discal interspace very much narrowed between R² and M¹, the median bars R²—M¹ not far from the discal series, especially bar R³—M¹; discal bars uniform, the posterior ones very feebly arched, the series very slightly convex from SC²—M¹, reaching SM² much nearer tip of that vein than in C. latona; postdiscal bars slate-black, much less arched than in C. latona, the series almost straight. ^[3]

Subspecies

• Charaxes affinis affinis (Sulawesi, Togian)
• Charaxes affinis butongensisTsukada, 1991 (Buton, Kabaena) ^[4]
• Charaxes affinis spadixTsukada, 1991 (Banggai)

Biology

The larva on feeds on Manihot species and Persea americana .^{[ citation needed ]}

References

1. Butler, A. G. (1865). "Monograph of the species of Charaxes, a genus of diurnal Lepidoptera". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1865: 622–639. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02391.x . Retrieved 21 March 2023.
2. Seitz, A., 1912-1927. Die Indo-Australien Tagfalter Grossschmetterlinge Erde 9
3. Rothschild, Lionel Walter (1900). "A monograph of the Charaxes and the allied prionopterous genera - 4. Charaxes affinis". Novitates Zoologicae. 7: 306–309. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.17460 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
4. Etsuzo Tsukada Ed. Butterflies of the South East Asian islands / V, Nymphalidae (II) : Andaman I., the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, the Philippines, the Lesser Sundas, Tanimbar, etc. / ed. in collab. with well-known specialists by Etsuzo Tsukada ; Nymphalidae Tokyo : Azumino Butterflies Research Institute 1991.In Japanese

External links

• Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816 at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Data related to Charaxes affinis at Wikispecies