Charles Lewis Anderson | |
---|---|
Born | Roanoke County, Virginia, U.S, | September 27, 1827
Died | December 22, 1910 83) Santa Cruz, California, U.S. | (aged
Known for | Early Nevada and California botanist |
Spouse | Merial Howe Anderson |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Botany and other areas of natural history |
Signature | |
Charles Lewis Anderson (1827-1910) was an American medical doctor who, in addition to the practice of medicine, made important contributions to fields of natural history, especially botany. Educated in Indiana, he spent most of his professional life in the upper Midwest and West (Hennepin Co., Minnesota; Carson City, NV; and Santa Cruz, CA). Many plants collected by him were subsequently named in his honor. He wrote about local natural history, and actively engaged in public service in places where he resided.
He was born in Roanoke County, Virginia September 27, 1827. [1] [2] [3] His family relocated to Morgan County, Indiana, when he was 10, and his further education took place in that state. He attended Franklin College and DePauw University (known, then, as Indiana Asbury University), and obtained his medical credentials from the latter in 1852. [4] [2] [3] He then spent 10 years engaged in medical practice in Hennepin County, Minnesota. [3] In 1862 he relocated to Carson City, Nevada (to be joined a year later by his wife and two daughters). He resided in Carson City for four years, [1] then moved with his family to Santa Cruz, California, where he lived until his death in 1910. [4]
During his college years he developed a strong interest in natural history, especially botany. [2] [3] His lifetime income was derived principally from medical practice, but he devoted much effort to the study of botany and other aspects of natural history.
In 1852 he was one of the earliest physicians to set up medical practice in the region that later became Minneapolis. [5] [6] The St. Anthony and Minneapolis Union Medical Society Archived April 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine was organized in 1855 with Dr. C. L. Anderson as vice-president. [6] He was active in geological and geographical exploration to the west of the Minneapolis area, locating the Kandiyohi Lakes region, and going as far as the present states of Montana and Idaho. [5] He was sometimes referred to as a geologist, and co-authored a report to the Minnesota state government suggesting a geological survey for the state, [7] but the governor was reluctant to do so at that time. [8]
He helped build a public school and served as the first school superintendent of Hennepin County. [1]
Henry David Thoreau, in 1861 (the last year of his life), seeking a more healthful climate, visited the Minneapolis area for about two weeks. He wished to study the flora and fauna of the region, and was accompanied most of that time by Dr. Anderson, whom Thoreau had sought out when learning of his extensive knowledge of the area's natural history. [6] [9]
In March 1862, Anderson left Minnesota. As related by Shutter [6] (p. 359): "He had many friends, and his departure was deeply regretted."
After settling his wife and two daughters in Beloit, Wisconsin, he commenced the arduous trek to Carson City. While travelling, and after arriving and establishing a practice there, he wrote frequently to his wife. [3] [10] In one letter he wrote:
The height of my ambition is to have a pleasant quiet cottage of 5 or 6 rooms, one for a library where we could read and converse evening or enjoy other amusements, a small garden of vines and fruits with a few choice flowers. A business that would yield a comfortable living and a few select friends to come and see us. Out of debt so that what I earned I could call my own, my motto then could be to "owe no man anything." In the study of Nature, and Nature's God, we would be enabled to live nearer to Him, and with greater happiness to ourselves." [11]
His wife and daughters, braving the rigors of a wagon train journey, joined him in August 1863. [3]
His four years in Nevada saw him travelling widely around Carson City, discovering and collecting many plant species new or only poorly known to science. [2] [10]
Public service included being superintendent of schools in Ormsby Co., and surgeon-general under Nevada's governor. [3] [1]
Dr. Anderson spent 10 years in Minneapolis, 4 years in Carson City, then 43 years, the rest of his life, in Santa Cruz. In each case he joined a community in its infancy, and was a significant contributor to its maturation.
In Santa Cruz he served local schools, and helped found the Santa Cruz City Public Library in 1868, serving as president of its first board of trustees. [12] Subsequently, he oversaw the funding of a Carnegie library building. [13] He was a "United States Examining surgeon for pensions", and served as "president of the City Board of Health"; he was also active in the Sons of Temperance, Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, and Freemasonry. [4]
Anderson was an early proponent of wildlife conservation. He wrote that the "shooting of birds to get an exact measurement of the different parts of their bodies, the color, etc., is practiced too much and becomes a cruelty. A spyglass, close observation, and a ready ear would give all the information we need in most cases."(p. 144 [1] ) He acknowledged his indebtedness to two ornithologists who provided him with information for his essay on Our Feathered Songsters, but commented parenthetically "I only wish they would not use their little guns so much."(p. 145 [1] ) He also remarked negatively on catching trout in freshwater streams ("they are more beautiful there than in our fish basket" [14]
Logging of coast redwoods was well underway in the later 1800s along the central and northern California coast. In his 1879 booklet [14] Anderson wrote of his concerns:
REDWOOD FORESTS . . . Although the supply of timber is very great in the mountains it cannot be considered inexhaustible. The rapid increase of population and consequent demand for building material and fuel will in time lead to the denudation of the region nearest the large cities. Consequently a preservative policy should be adopted at an early date by which a portion of the land should retain, at least, the younger for future use. It would indeed be a wise policy to enforce a law to this effect if it cannot be done otherwise. The general future good of our State requires it . . .
Extract from an obituary in the Santa Cruz Sentinel of December 23, 1910:
"Dr. C. L. Anderson, one of the most respected of Santa Cruz County's old pioneers, passed away at the advanced age of 83 years and 8 months . . . leaving his widow and their three children, all of this county . . . The cause of the death was paralysis, brought on by old age. . . . The doctor, who for many years enjoyed an enviable medical practice in this community, was a man of scholarly attainments . . . was a man of exemplary character, of an even disposltion, quiet in his ways, unpretending, self-sacrificing, of a very kindly nature. Santa Cruz was made much richer by his presence amongst us, for he lived a life of service, caring little for pecuniary emoluments. [4]
During the period 1862 - 1867, when Anderson lived in Nevada, he collected many specimens of flowering plants, which he sent to Asa Gray's herbarium for analysis. According to Tiehm, [15] 34 of the plants collected in Nevada became type specimens (as did at least one, collected later, when he lived in Santa Cruz, CA; [16] namely, Arctostaphylos andersonii A.Gray).
Many binomial scientific names honor an Anderson; the ones below honor Charles Lewis Anderson, and are currently (2020) accepted (see references and ITIS [17] ). Each name is followed by the (plant family name), a common name, and the region where Anderson collected the type specimen.
Photographs of each flowering plant may be found at CalPhotos, [18] and further information is available at CalFlora. [19]
After settling in Santa Cruz, Anderson collected many specimens of marine algae. He sent them to W. G. Farlow, a prominent phycologist, who wrote of "the many interesting species discovered by Dr. Anderson", [32] and named some in Anderson's honor. [2] With W. G. Farlow and Daniel Cady Eaton he issued the exsiccata series Algae exsiccatae Americae Borealis (1877-1889). [33]
The following is currently (2020) an accepted name: [34]
Quercus wislizeni, known by the common name interior live oak, is an evergreen oak, highly variable and often shrubby, found in many areas of California in the United States continuing south into northern Baja California in Mexico. It generally occurs in foothills, being most abundant in the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada, but also widespread in the Pacific Coast Ranges—where since 1980 it has been known as a separate species Quercus parvula—and the San Gabriel Mountains. It was named for its collector, Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus (1810–1889).
Birbal Sahni FRS was an Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. He also took an interest in geology and archaeology. He founded what is now the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow in 1946. His major contributions were in the study of the fossil plants of India and in plant evolution. He was also involved in the establishment of Indian science education and served as the president of the National Academy of Sciences, India and as an honorary president of the International Botanical Congress, Stockholm.
Prunus andersonii is a species of shrub in the rose family, part of the same genus as the peach, cherry, and almond. Its common names include desert peach and desert almond. It is native to eastern California and western Nevada, where it grows in forests and scrub in desert and mountains. It was named after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray.
William Gilson Farlow was an American botanist, born in Boston, Massachusetts, and educated at Harvard, where, after several years of European study, he became adjunct professor of botany in 1874 and professor of cryptogamic botany in 1879.
Joseph Whipple Congdon was a lawyer by trade who contributed significantly to early botanical exploration in California, particularly in the Yosemite region, where he resided in Mariposa from 1882 until 1905. Congdon was born in Pomfret, Connecticut and graduated Brown University with the class of 1855. He was admitted to the bar in Providence, Rhode Island in 1860. He served a term in the Rhode Island legislature for 1878–79. The "Analytical Class-Book of Botany", coauthored with his aunt, [carrying the epigram "Science is the only interpreter of Nature"] antedated by two years the first edition of Class Book of Botany, by Asa Gray. Congdon was the botanist whom correctly diagnosed the rediscovery of the long-lost Shortia galacifolia, a relict herb that had been long sought by Gray.
Arctostaphylos andersonii, the Santa Cruz manzanita, is a species of Arctostaphylos.
Lepidospartum is a genus of North American desert shrubs in the daisy family. They are known commonly as broomsages or scalebrooms. These are tall, woody shrubs with stiff twiggy branches that resemble brooms. They are native to the southwestern United States and far northern Mexico. These shrub have thin, narrow, needlelike or scalelike leaves and bear yellow daisy flowers.
Delphinium andersonii is a species of perennial larkspur known as Anderson's larkspur. This wildflower is native to western North America, where it can be found in the Great Basin and the Sierra Nevada.
Lycium andersonii is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Its common names include water-jacket, redberry desert-thorn, Anderson thornbush, Anderson's desert thorn, Anderson boxthorn, Anderson lycium, Anderson wolfberry, and squawberry.
Geraea is a genus of the family Asteraceae from the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, commonly called the desert sunflower.
Astragalus andersonii is a species of milkvetch known by the common name Anderson's milkvetch. It is native to eastern California and western Nevada, where it is found in the plateaus at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, including the Modoc Plateau. It was named after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray.
Cirsium andersonii is a North American species of thistle known by the common names Anderson's thistle and rose thistle. It is native to California, Oregon, and Nevada, where it grows in the woodlands and forest openings of the local high mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada and the southern Cascade Range. It has also been reported from Idaho.
Crepis occidentalis is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names western hawksbeard, or largeflower hawksbeard. It is native to western Canada and the western United States.
Earl Lemley Core was a botanist and botanical educator, researcher, and author as well as a local West Virginia historian. He was founder of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Club and editor of its journal, Castanea, for thirty-five years. He was a teacher and professor at West Virginia University (WVU) from 1928 to 1972. He served for four years on the Morgantown City Council, and served as mayor of Morgantown for two years. The Earl L. Core Arboretum at WVU was named in his honor in 1967.
Daniel Cady Eaton was an American botanist and author. After studies at the Rensselaer Institute in Troy and Russell's military school in New Haven, he gained his bachelor's degree at Yale College, then went on to Harvard University, where he studied with Asa Gray. He then went to Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School in 1864, where he was a botany professor and herbarium curator. With William Gilson Farlow and Charles Lewis Anderson he issued the exsiccata series Algae exsiccatae Americae Borealis (1877-1889). Eaton is the grandson of Amos Eaton.
Ranunculus andersonii is a species of buttercup known by the common name Anderson's buttercup. It is native to the western United States, including the Great Basin and surrounding regions, where it grows in sagebrush, woodlands, and other habitat. It is a perennial herb producing a basal rosette of thick leaves which are each divided into three double-lobed leaflets at the end of a petiole. The inflorescence arises from the rosette on an erect, leafless stalk usually no more than 20 centimeters tall. It bears one flower with usually five white or red-tinged petals each up to 2 centimeters long with white or pinkish sepals at the base. At the center of the flower are many yellow stamens and pistils. The fruit is an achene, borne in a spherical cluster of 14 or more. It was named after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray.
Trifolium andersonii is a species of clover known by the common names fiveleaf clover and Anderson's clover. It is native to the western United States, particularly the Great Basin and adjacent high mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada. It was named after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray.
Jesse More Greenman was an American botanist. He specialized in tropical flora, with emphasis on plants from Mexico and Central America. He was an authority on the genus Senecio and noted for his work at the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Volney Rattan was an American botanist who spent most of his professional life in California. He botanized in remote and wild areas of northwest California, finding many species new to science. He corresponded with eminent botanists Asa Gray and George Engelmann, and sent specimens to them. He was an inspiring teacher, and wrote books to help those with botanical interests to learn principles of taxonomy, and to help them identify native plants of California. Many plant species have been named after him.
Agatea is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae, with seven accepted species, found in New Guinea and New Caledonia.