| Chirocephalus marchesonii | |
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| Species: | C. marchesonii |
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| Chirocephalus marchesonii Ruffo & Vesentini, 1957 | |
Chirocephalus marchesonii is a species of fairy shrimp in the family Chirocephalidae. It is endemic to Pilate Lake.
The Chirocephalus marchesonii was observed for the first time in 1954 by Vittorio Marchesoni, director of the Botanical Institute of the University of Camerino, during an excursion. New samples were studied in 1957 by Ruffo and Vesentini, who established that it was a new species of crustacean. Chirocephalus name is in tribute to his first discoverer Vittorio Marchesoni.
Chirocephalus marchesonii stands out easily from other branchiopods thanks to its long, approximately cylindrical body as well as its lack of a shell. Its body, which presents an obvious metamerism, is divided into three sections: head, thorax equipped with eleven pairs of appendices/fins which also have a breathing function, and abdomen which contains the reproductive organs: an egg sac in the female, and two penises of the same length in the male.
These crustaceans, whose distinctive feature is that they swim on their backs, form part of the zooplankton. They move by making swinging movements of the appendices along the rib cage. Their swimming position seems to derive from a positive phototropism.
The species has a characteristic coral red coloring. The size ranges for both sexes between 9 and 12 mm.
The eggs are spherical in shape and compared to other similar species found in Italy (C. kerkyrensis, C. salinus, C. sibyllae, C. diaphanous and C. ruffoi) are among the largest, with an average diameter of 0.43 mm.
Chirocephalus marchesonii has an anamorphic development, where the embryo opens as a Nauplius larva, only reaching adult shape after a series of gradual morphological modifications, while new sections and appendices are gradually added. Its biological cycle is synchronized and totally dependent on the annual hydrological cycle of Pilate Lake, generally between the beginning of June and the end of September.
One of the principal characteristics of the anostraca consists in their adaptability to environments subjected to strong seasonal stress. The environment is often made of temporary water pockets and of little aquatic ponds characterized by a total temporary lack of water and going through extreme phases (draining/freezing) and (or) by fluctuations of the water level and as a result by strong wavering of the physic-chemical factors.
In order to face up these kinds of difficulties, the Chirocephalus produce a form of resistance called cyst, inside of which the embryo is stopped at the stage of gastrulation, is isolated by a protective partition which allows it to keep its vitality until the moment when the ideal conditions for its development recreate themselves until the hatching.
The cysts are left season after season and do not all hatch out, a part stays in the sediment which constitutes de facto a stock and an extra guarantee for the species survival. The protection of the biotope is primordial because the life of the species under its adult form only goes for several months, whereas the cysts which are produced stay vital for many years if the anthropic factors do not disrupt the sediments where they build up.
The most important risk is particularly related to the climatic changes in progress. The ecosystem of altitude such as the Pilate Lake one is characterized by specific climatic conditions which make it particularly vulnerable to high temperatures. The Pilate Lake is considered as a relic zone which, by its climatic and orographic conditions, constitutes a real refuge housing which keeps giving the necessary conditions to the survival of every species which populate it, among them the Chirocephalus marchesonii, stenothermic species of low temperature.
If the forecasts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reinforce, the species could disappear from now until a few decades.
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Chirocephalus is a genus of fairy shrimp in the family Chirocephalidae. It contains the following species:
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Chirocephalus diaphanus is a widely distributed European species of fairy shrimp that lives as far north as Great Britain, where it is the only surviving species of fairy shrimp and is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. It is a translucent animal, about 0.5 in (13 mm) long, with reddened tips to the abdomen and appendages. The body comprises a head, a thorax bearing 11 pairs of appendages, and a seven-segmented abdomen. In males, the antennae are enlarged to form "frontal appendages", while females have an egg pouch at the end of the thorax.
Branchinecta gaini is a species of fairy shrimp from Antarctica and Patagonia. It is the largest freshwater invertebrate in Antarctica, at 16 mm (0.63 in) long. It lives on bacteria and other organisms, surviving the winter as resting eggs.
Parastreptocephalus is a subgenus of the fairy shrimp genus Streptocephalus, characterised by features of the male antennae and the tetrahedral shape of the eggs. It comprises six species:
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Whittlesford - Thriplow Hummocky Fields is a 55.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Whittlesford and Thriplow in Cambridgeshire. This site has two unusual species, the nationally rare grass-poly, which is only found in south Cambridgeshire on the British mainland, and the nationally uncommon fairy shrimp Chirocephalus diaphanus. They are found in shallow hollows in arable fields, which are the result of ice lenses melting at the end of the last ice age. There are also uncommon liverworts.
Streptocephalus sirindhornae is a species of crustacean in the family Streptocephalidae; a genus of freshwater dwelling shrimp belonging to the Anostraca order of Branchiopoda. It is endemic to Asia; more specifically to Thailand.
The fairy shrimp, Phallocryptus fahimii, is a fresh water crustacea discovered in 2017 from a seasonal lake in the Lut Desert in southeast Iran. It's a heat-resistant crustacea living in a lake with water temperatures reaching 87 °F (31 °C). This species is just the fifth known species to be discovered in the genus Phallocryptus. It received its name after the late Hadi Fahimii, a conservationist who took part in the expedition of the Lut Desert and died in 2018 from an airplane crash. Morphologically, this newly discovered species shows minimal differences from its relatives in the Phallocryptus genus. A distinguishing characteristic of this fairy shrimp is that it can lay its eggs in desert sand for decades while they await the rare presence of water. P. fahimii developed these unique characteristics due to its harsh environmental conditions throughout the Lut Desert, which in Farsi, translates into “desert of emptiness.” Dr.Hossein Rajaei, one of the researchers that made the shrimp discovery, suggested, “they gave it this name because many people believed there was no life in this desert.”
This article comes partially or completely from the Wikipedia article in Italian entitled “Chirocephalus marchesonii”. (see the authors list):