 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(May 2022) |
The chronology of Ukrainian language suppression presents a list of administrative actions aimed at limiting the influence and importance of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine.
| | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source .(May 2022) |
The chronology of Ukrainian language suppression presents a list of administrative actions aimed at limiting the influence and importance of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine.
Before the Russian annexation, there were several writing languages in Ukraine. Religious texts were dominated by the Ukrainian variant of Church Slavonic (the so-called Meletian, after the reforms Meletius Smotrytsky). [1] Following Polish annexation of the Galician part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, first Latin and then Polish were introduced as languages of administration as early as the 15th century. [2] [3] After Union of Lublin in 1569 remaining Bratslav, Chernihiv, Kyiv and Volhynian voivodeships were transferred Kingdom of Poland. As per terms of the Union of Lublin, Ruthenian referred to as Chancellery Slavonic was kept there as official language and remained as such until late 17th century. [4]
The significant degree of Polonization of the Ukrainian elites led to the fact that Polish was also used in other areas, and in the 17th century it became the main language of religious polemics. [3] Ukrainians who did not undergo language polonization used Church Slavonic in high-ranking texts (liturgical, theological, dramatic texts, poetry), and Ruthenian (also known as Old Ukrainian) in lower-ranking texts (tales, private documents), also known as prosta mova (lit. 'simple speech'). [5] [6] The language shaped in this way became the language of administration in the Cossack Hetmanate, it also began to be used as the language of literature, became standardized and moved away from the spoken language. [7]
At the end of the 18th century Ivan Kotliarevsky (1769–1838) initiated the process of formation of the modern literary Ukrainian language, based on south-eastern dialects and prosta mova. [8] Due to restrictions imposed by the Russian government, the development of the Ukrainian language moved to western Ukraine, which led to changes in the language, called "Galicianisms". [9]
The systematic suppression of the Ukrainian language by the Russian Empire began with the conquest of a large part of Ukraine by Russia (Left-bank Ukraine) in 1654–1667, and also after the liquidation of the Cossack Hetmanate and the Zaporozhian Sich in 1764 and 1775. The unsuccessful rebellion of Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–1709), who attempted to throw off Russian supremacy, can be taken as the starting moment. [10] Unlike Ukraine under Russian rule, there were no administrative obstacles to the development of the Ukrainian literary language in western Ukraine, which was part of the Austrian Empire. However, due to its inferior status (the official language was first German, then Polish, the Ukrainian community lacked a Ukrainian-speaking intelligentsia) its development was hampered. [11]
In 1765–1786, the administrative language of the Hetmanate was gradually Russified, it let to the complete adoption of Russian as the language of administration of Ukrainian lands in place of the Ruthenian language at the end of the period. [16] [18] As a result the Ruthenian language was limited to private use and to works not designed for printing. [15]
Ukrainian is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the native language of a majority of Ukrainians.
Ruthenian is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.
The Ukrainian orthography is the orthography for the Ukrainian language, a system of generally accepted rules that determine the ways of transmitting speech in writing.
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In the Ukrainian language there are three major dialectal groups according to territory: the southwestern group, the southeastern group and the northern group of dialects.
George Shevelov was a Ukrainian-American professor, linguist, philologist, essayist, literary historian, and literary critic of German heritage. A longtime professor of Slavic philology at Columbia University, he challenged the prevailing notion of a unified East Slavic language from which Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian later developed, instead proposing that these languages emerged independently from one another.
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Samiilo Vasyliovych Velychko — was a Ukrainian Cossack nobleman and chronicler who wrote the first systematic presentation of the history of the Cossack Hetmanate.
Yaryzhka or Orthography of Slobozhanshchyna is the name of the pre-revolutionary orthography used to write and print works in the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire. Yaryzhka included all the letters that were part of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet of the pre-revolutionary period: ы, ъ, and so on.
The Alphabet War, also called the Alphabet Blizzard, was a controversy in the 19th century among Galician Ukrainians, which concerned attempts to romanize the Ukrainian alphabet.
The Ruthenian Trinity was a Galician literary group led by Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatskyi, and Ivan Vahylevych, which began a national and cultural revival in the western Ukrainian lands in the late 1820s (1833-1837). They were representatives of Romantic nationalism in Ukraine. and played a crucial role in the development of Ukrainian nationalism. The three all first met as students at the Greek Catholic Theological Seminary in Lviv.
Hrinchenkivka or hrinchevychivka was Ukrainian orthography introduced by Borys Hrinchenko’s Ukrainian-Russian dictionary in 1907.
Shashkevychivka, Spelling of the Mermaid of the Dniester, and also Spelling of the Ruthenian Triad is the first phonetic spelling system for the Ukrainian language based on the adapted Cyrillic script, used by the Ruthenian Triad in the almanac "Mermaid of the Dniester" (1837). Markiian Shashkevych used to be considered the author of the spelling system used in "Mermaid of the Dniester", which is why it is called Orthography of Shashkevych or Shashkevychivka. The use of the phonetic principle of spelling was motivated in the foreword by Markiian Shashkevych by the fact that «we need to know what the true face is in the present language; because of this we follow the rule: „write as you hear, and read as you see“».
The Ukrainian orthography of 1933 is the Ukrainian orthography, adopted in 1933 in Kharkiv, the capital Soviet Ukraine. It began the process of artificial convergence of Ukrainian and Russian language traditions of orthography. Some norms that were rejected due to their absence in the Russian orthography were returned to the Ukrainian orthography of 2019.
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